Essential QuestionsEssential Questions  What is The Age of Exploration?  What were the economic, political, and religious causes of European exploration?  What were the political, economic, and cultural effects the Age of Exploration had on Europe?

Religion  Protestantism grew rapidly in 16 th century France  : Almost half of French Nobility was Calvinist, as well as high class Netherlands. From this, Catholics and Calvinists had many feats of violence and war (detailed in next slide)  During the Expansion, Portugal set out to Christianize Muslims, however this ended in a battle for the Indian Ocean which the Muslims where defeated in.  The expansion and exploration brought over much uncertainty of the new discoveries that Biblical accounts of geography.  Women’s status in religion wasn’t fully established until the 17 th century. Manuals about marriage and how to lead a good life as a woman were posted on houses. Similar to The Courtier, but for women and on marriage.  Speaking of marriage—It was practiced that any arranged marriages by parents were to be rejected and that marriage be based on respect and trust. Protestants recognized the right to divorce, the Catholic faith did not. However in Protestant countries, marriage became the only acceptable occupation for upper-class Protestant women.  Also around , The Great European Witch Hunt peaked. Similar to the Salem Witch trials, many women misogynized by the practice of witchcraft were executed.

War General Civil Wars:  1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre—Catholics in Paris killed many “Huguenots” aka French Calvinists  Phillip II of Spain appointed his half-sister Margaret Regent of the Netherlands in 1559, who then raised taxes and tried to abolish Protestantism. Calvinists responded to this by riots and destruction of churches & libraries. Phillip sent out troops for a Civil War that lasted As Spanish invaded after 1581, England aided the Protestant government.  In 1588, Phillip II of Spain tries to bring back the Catholic Church with his “Spanish Armada” but was defeated by the English fleet. The Thirty Years’ War:  From was the time of the Thirty Years’ War—Catholics, Lutherans, and Calvinists violated the Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire. This resulted in the Protestant Union of Lutheran princes (1608) and Catholic League (1609). This was fought in four phases  Phase 1 ( ): Fighting between Bohemia and Ferdinand, supported by the Catholics, and Protestant Union. Ferdinand won.  Phase 2 ( ): A Danish phase involving King Christian IV of Denmark for the Protestants. Ferdinand was still victorious  Phase 3 ( ): Successful intervention by Swedish King Gustavas Adolphus on the Protestants. French subsides to the Swedes.  Phase 4 ( ): Direct French intervention on the Protestant side.  Peace was achieved in 1648; dividing Germany (Holy Roman empire) into the different religions

Politics and Social IssuesPolitics and Social Issues  The depopulation caused by the Hundred Years’ War and plague meant that serfdom in France was over, due to labor shortage.  Inflation came from income of land  European Slavery was rising, leading to American racism.  Before 1400, basically all slaves were white, but the Spaniards brought back Africans to substitute.

Explorers of The TimeExplorers of The Time Christopher Columbus -Extremely religious -Very knowledgeable about the sea -Aimed to find a direct sea route to Asia -Explorer for the Spanish Crown Ferdinand Magellan -Rounded Cape Horn and entered the Pacific Ocean -Explorer for the Spanish Crown -Circumnavigated the globe Hernando Cortes -Sailed from Hispaniola to Mexico -Crushed the Aztec Empire of Central Mexico Vasco Balboa -The first European explorer to lead an expedition to have reached the Pacific Ocean from the New World -Worked for the Spanish Crown Vasco de Gama -Portuguese explorer -First European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route

The Columbian ExchangeThe Columbian Exchange  The Columbian Exchange was a three-way exchange of goods, ideas, livestock, and biological vectors between Africa, Europe, and the America’s.  The introduction of potatoes, tomatoes, and maize to Europe were just a few of the results of the Columbian Exchange.  Although the Columbian Exchange mainly advanced the three countries by interchanging goods and ideas, diseases were also interchanged. Europeans introduced smallpox to the America’s, devastating indigenous populations. The America’s gave Europe syphillis, a chronic bacterial disease, in exchange.

Literature  French nobleman, Montaigne ( ), created an essay as means of clarifying his own thoughts. He was a skeptic, and also rejected any notion any one culture wad superior to another.  The King James Bible  William Shakespeare’s plays and works  Drama filled England under the rule of Elizabeth I and James I (reign )

Art and MusicArt and Music Baroque Style art and music moved it’s way into the Age of Exploration. It was based off of Catholic Countereformation. The Baroque style means media with ornate details. Peter Paul Rubens—famous baroque painter Johann Sebastian Bach—famous for baroque style music. Although he was Lutheran, not a Catholic.

Architecture Baroque architecture, like the Trevi Fountain, were also very famous in 17 th century Italy. It then moved to Spain, Latin America and Poland among other places.

Results of the Age of Exploration  The daily lives of lower class Europeans were changed by the Age of Exploration by introducing a variety of new foods to their diet.  The shift of power from the Mediterranean region to Western Europe was one of the most significant outcomes of the Age of Exploration.  New discoveries led to questioning of religious beliefs, as well as advancement in inventions.  Many important pieces of literature, buildings, art, and music were introduced. Such as the King James Bible and Baroque Style media.