Torque Again

Example 20m 40m A B A truck crosses a massless bridge supported by two piers. What force much each pier exert when the truck is at the indicated position?

Center of Mass

Center of Mass Until now we’ve been treating objects as though they were single point masses and ignoring any rotation or other motion that the object may have. We can do this because there is a point on (or near) the object that does describe the kinds of motions that we’ve been investigating. This point is the center of mass.

For Uniform Objects The center of mass is at the geometric center (the balance point). Experimentally – this is easy to find.

Simple Case The center of mass of an object is a “weighted” average of the position of all the pieces that make up that object. Each piece’s position is weighted by what fraction of the total mass that piece contains. 1 m 2 m 3 kg 6 kg 1 kg

Simple Case The center of mass of an object is a “weighted” average of the position of all the pieces that make up that object. Each piece’s position is weighted by what fraction of the total mass that piece contains. 1 m 2 m 3 kg 6 kg 1 kg

Oddly Shaped Objects Here the center of mass may not even lie “on” the object and we may need to resort to a calculation in 2D Mass X coord Y coord 2 kg 4m 4m 3 kg 0m 0m 4 kg 2m -3m 1 kg 4.5m -1m

Stability An object is said to be stable when its center of mass is directly over its base of support. In such cases, any slight movement of the CM away from the equilibrium position produces a torque that brings the object back to equilibrium. Stable Not Stable

Stability and Torque An 80 kg pirate is being forced to walk the plank. The plank is a wooden beam of mass 240 kg and is 20 m long. 8 m of the beam sticks out beyond the edge of the wall. How far can the pirate walk out onto the beam before it falls? 20m 8m The plank becomes unstable and begins to rotate when the CM is at the edge of the wall.

Stability and Torque An 80 kg pirate is being forced to walk the plank. The plank is a wooden beam of mass 240 kg and is 20 m long. 8 m of the beam sticks out beyond the edge of the wall. How far can the pirate walk out onto the beam before it falls? 20m 8m What is the torque on the board if the pirate stands at x = 18.5 m? Take the corner of the wall to be the origin.

Moment of Inertia

Newton’s Laws Newton’s 2nd Law – If the net torque on an object about a point is not zero, then the net torque produces an angular acceleration about that point. O The quantity mr2 is the rotational equivalent of mass, and is called moment of inertia. For a rigid body, there can be many masses (m’s) and many distances (r’s).

Example Rotational Inertia 4 kg 2 kg Rotational axis

Example Rotational Inertia 4 kg 2 kg Rotational axis

Example Rotational Inertia 4 kg 2 kg Rotational axis 4m It is shortest distance to axis of rotation that matters! In this case, the right sphere is still only 3m away from the axis.

Determining Rotational Inertia by Experiment 33cm 15N A 15 N force is applied to a wheel of mass 4 kg as shown. The wheel is observed to accelerate from rest to an angular speed of 30 rad/s in 3 sec. Determine the rotational inertia of the wheel.

Rotational Dynamics m1 = 3 kg m2 = 1 kg m3 = 4 kg m4 = 5 kg 2 m Four spherical masses are attached by massless rods. They rotate about an axis that is perpendicular to the plane of the page and passes through the black mass. What angular acceleration does the torque due to gravity cause? 3 m 2 m What is initial tangential acceleration of m3? What about initial centripetal acceleration?

Rotational Inertia for Various Common Objects Hoop (or Ring) Solid Disc Solid Sphere R Spherical Shell