Teleost Fish: Bonytongues Through Anglerfish Ch. 14

Subdividision Euteleostei Superorder OstariophysiSuperorder Ostariophysi Superorder ProtacanthopterygiiSuperorder Protacanthopterygii Superorder StenopterygiiSuperorder Stenopterygii Superorder CyclosquamataSuperorder Cyclosquamata Superorder ScopelomorphaSuperorder Scopelomorpha Superorder LampridomorphaSuperorder Lampridomorpha Superorder PolymixiiformesSuperorder Polymixiiformes Superorder ParacanthopterygiiSuperorder Paracanthopterygii Superorder AcanthopterygiiSuperorder Acanthopterygii

Primitive vs. Advanced Traits

Primitive vs. Advanced (continued)

Subdividision Euteleostei Superorder OstariophysiSuperorder Ostariophysi Superorder ProtacanthopterygiiSuperorder Protacanthopterygii Superorder StenopterygiiSuperorder Stenopterygii Superorder CyclosquamataSuperorder Cyclosquamata Superorder ScopelomorphaSuperorder Scopelomorpha Superorder LampridomorphaSuperorder Lampridomorpha Superorder PolymixiiformesSuperorder Polymixiiformes Superorder ParacanthopterygiiSuperorder Paracanthopterygii Superorder AcanthopterygiiSuperorder Acanthopterygii

Subdividision Euteleostei Superorder Ostariophysi -- Suckers Minnows, Characins, and CatfishesSuperorder Ostariophysi -- Suckers Minnows, Characins, and Catfishes Superorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes, Smelts and SalmonidsSuperorder Protacanthopterygii -- Pikes, Smelts and Salmonids Superorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and AnglerfishesSuperorder Paracanthopterygii -- Cods and Anglerfishes Superorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced FishesSuperorder Acanthopterygii -- Advanced Fishes

Superorder Protocanthopterygii Contains three ordersContains three orders –Esociformes –Osmeriformes –Salmoniformes

Order Esociformes Three families:Three families: –Esocidae –Umbridae –Daliidae

Family Esocidae Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge:Pikes, pickerels, and muskellunge: –Predatory; sagittiform bodies –Large mouth & sharp teeth –Found in N. America and Eurasia Eurasia –Important recreational spp. –Largest: muskellunge (musky) North-Central USNorth-Central US Central CanadaCentral Canada

Family Umbridae mudminnows:mudminnows: –small –Slow-moving –Burrow in mud when disturbed

Family Dalliidae blackfishes:blackfishes: –Australia and Siberia –Able to survive frozen in the ice –Remain inactive until the thaw

Order Osmeriformes Two suborders:Two suborders: –Argentoidea (argentines deep-sea smelts) –Osmeroidei (smelts, galaxiids)

Suborder Argentoidei Argentines:Argentines: –“deep-sea smelts” –very numerous –harvested commercially in mid-water trawls

Suborder Osmeroidei Smelts and galaxiids:Smelts and galaxiids: Smelts:Smelts: –Small, silvery fish (< 30 cm) –Popular food fish –Freshwater, anadromous, marine –Australian salamanderfish (galaxiid) Turn head sharply left or right while perched on its pectoral finTurn head sharply left or right while perched on its pectoral fin Lacks lung; able to aestivateLacks lung; able to aestivate

Salamanderfish Smelts

Order Salmoniformes Family SalmonidaeFamily Salmonidae –Contains three subfamilies: Salmoninae - trouts, salmon, charsSalmoninae - trouts, salmon, chars Coregoninae - whitefishesCoregoninae - whitefishes Thymalinae – graylingsThymalinae – graylings –North America and Eurasia –High latitude species Require high DO and cooler water for survival and reproductionRequire high DO and cooler water for survival and reproduction

Subfamily Salmoninae Trouts, salmons and charsTrouts, salmons and chars –Many species have landlocked and anadromous forms Onchorhynchus mykiss – rainbow trout (landlocked); steelhead (anadromous)Onchorhynchus mykiss – rainbow trout (landlocked); steelhead (anadromous) O. nerka – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee (landlocked)O. nerka – sockeye (anadromous); kokanee (landlocked)

Subfamily Salmoninae Anadromous speciesAnadromous species –Eggs laid in freshwater –Fry hatch and develop into parrs (large spots on side of body) –Transform into smolts (migrates to the sea) –Grow to large size in sea –Return to FW to spawn and typically die after spawning –Transfer of nutrients upstream from seas to FW streams important ecologically Dead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that may ultimately be preyed upon by young salmonDead salmon decay, biomass is utilized by scavengers that may ultimately be preyed upon by young salmon

Subfamily Salmoninae Three important genera in North America:Three important genera in North America: –Onchorhynchus – Pacific salmon California through Canada to Alaska and throughout SiberiaCalifornia through Canada to Alaska and throughout Siberia Includes rainbow trout and cutthroat troutIncludes rainbow trout and cutthroat trout –Salmo – Atlantic salmon Massachusetts to Canada; Iceland and EuropeMassachusetts to Canada; Iceland and Europe Nearly extinct due to damsNearly extinct due to dams Landlocked and anadromous formsLandlocked and anadromous forms Includes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates warm water and lower DOIncludes brown trout – introduced to US; tolerates warm water and lower DO –Salvelinus – North American Chars Lake trout and Brook troutLake trout and Brook trout

Subfamily Coreginae Whitefishes:Whitefishes: –Formerly an important species –Numbers have greatly declined relative to introduced species

Subfamily Thymalinae Graylings:Graylings: –Small trout-like fishes –Grey irridescent bodies –Long dorsal fins

Marine Habitat Classified into distinct areas:Classified into distinct areas: –Pelagic- area away from the shoreline Pelagic divided into distinct regionsPelagic divided into distinct regions –Surface to 200 meters = epipelagic light penetration occurslight penetration occurs –200 meters to 1000 meters = mesopelagic Faint amount of lightFaint amount of light Animals migrate up at night; down during dayAnimals migrate up at night; down during day –1000 meters to 4000 meters = bathypelagic Practically no lightPractically no light

Stomiiformes Marine hatchetfishes:Marine hatchetfishes: –Extremely flattened laterally –Photophores on ventral side Photophores = light producing organsPhotophores = light producing organs Provides countershading = less visible to predatorsProvides countershading = less visible to predators

Myctophiformes Lantern fishes:Lantern fishes: –Small black fishes –Photophores along entire body –Present in great numbers –Important food for many species

Lampridiformes Bizarre species:Bizarre species: –Opah Found close to the surface; taken by the same pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins and meat is soldFound close to the surface; taken by the same pelagic longlines used to catch tunas and marlins and meat is sold oarfish

Superorder Paracanthopterygii Contains a number of orders that are grouped together because of similar morphology:Contains a number of orders that are grouped together because of similar morphology: –Order Percopsiformes –Order Ophidiiformes –Order Gadiformes –Order Batrachoidiformes –Order Lophiiformes

Order Percopsiformes Trout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishes:Trout perch, pirate perch, and cavefishes: –Possess a true spine –Possess an adipose fin –Pirate perch: Pelvic fins located below pectoralsPelvic fins located below pectorals Anus located in the throatAnus located in the throat –Cavefishes: Adapted to cavesAdapted to caves Eyes reducedEyes reduced Lost their pigmentLost their pigment Elongated bodiesElongated bodies Lateral line system very well-developedLateral line system very well-developed Trout perch

Pirate Perch (Aphredoderus sayanus) Anal opening

Order Ophidiiformes Cusk eels :Cusk eels : –Taeniform body shape –Found all over world –Mostly marine –Some brightly colored Pearl fishesPearl fishes –Very thin fishes –Sharp pointed tails –Live inside invertebrates In cloaca of sea cucumbersIn cloaca of sea cucumbers Tickles it to get back inTickles it to get back in

Order Gadiformes Cods and cod-like fishes (haddock, pollock):Cods and cod-like fishes (haddock, pollock): –Large and economically important group –Possess isocercal tails –Grand Banks fishery inexhaustible?? –Cod : Collected in great numbers off the European coastCollected in great numbers off the European coast Contains little fat—can be driedContains little fat—can be dried Used by ocean-going travelers as a food sourceUsed by ocean-going travelers as a food source

Batrachoidiformes (frog-like) Toadfishes, frogfish and midshipman:Toadfishes, frogfish and midshipman: –Bottom dwellers –Lack pleural ribs –Large mouths –Modified dorsal fish for “fishing” –Able to produce sound: humming Muscular vibrations of swim bladderMuscular vibrations of swim bladder –Midshipmen oddity : photophores photophores »Arranged on their belly like the buttons of a midshipmen’s uniform...rare for shallow water fish. »Humming sound amplified by stationary boats....no sleep!!

ToadfishFrogfish “Harry” Frogfish Midshipman, Midshipman, Porichthys notatus

Order Lophiiformes Anglerfishes:Anglerfishes: –Most possess modified dorsal fins “rod and lures” Batfishes- odd shaped...multicoleredBatfishes- odd shaped...multicolered MonkfishMonkfish –Bottom dweller –Taken in trawls –Once considered trash fish “poor mans lobster”

Batfish Anglerfish Monkfish and some Anglers are food in some countries, so you might see some store....

Just be careful who you take shopping!!