Pb Monitoring AMTAC; April 12, 2011 Gwen Yoshimura

Pb Monitoring Rule Revision  Rule published December 27, 2010  Requires:  Monitoring at sources emitting ≥ 0.5 tpy Pb  Monitoring at airports emitting ≥ 1.0 tpy Pb  Monitoring at 15 “study” airports  Includes three in Bay Area, two in San Diego  Monitoring at NCore stations  Replaces CBSA monitoring requirement  Pb-TSP or Pb-PM10  Monitors included in July 1, 2011 network plan  Monitors operational by December 27, 2011

3 1) Aviation Gasoline (avgas) accounts for nearly half of the Pb NEI Leaded avgas is used only in piston-engine aircraft: Personal transportation, instructional, business/ corporate, air taxi, other Lead needed to prevent knock 2) Petition Why are we looking at airports?

Pb Monitoring at Airports  AvGas Endangerment Finding Petition:  Oct 2006 – Friends of the Earth petition EPA to : a) make endangerment finding and issue a proposed emissions standard, or b) do a study  Nov 2007 – EPA solicited information  2008 – initiated Pb study at Santa Monica Airport  April 28, 2010 – EPA publishes ANPR seeking comment on the data available for evaluating Pb emissions, ambient concentrations, potential exposures, approaches for phasing-down or eliminating leaded av gas.  Aug 27, 2010 – comment period closed  Monitoring  Contribute information to aviation gasoline discussion  Will be used assess need for Pb monitoring at airports

Pb Airport Monitoring in California  Over 1 tpy:  South Coast: Van Nuys Airport  Study Airports:  Bay Area AQMD: Palo Alto, Reid-Hillview, Santa Clara  San Diego: McClellan-Palomar, Gillespie

Additional AvGas Information

7 Background on Avgas and Piston- Engine Aircraft  Leaded avgas use and concentration  Tetraethyl lead first used in aircraft 1927  “100 Octane” has 4 grams Pb/gal  used in commercial and military aircraft until the 1950s  “100 Low Lead” has 2 grams Pb/gal  most common leaded avgas used currently Piston-engine aircraft There are about 200,000 piston-engine powered aircraft as of 2008 Annual new sales of 1,800 in 2008 We estimate 7 grams Pb emitted per landing/take-off cycle

8 Leaded Avgas is Roughly Half the National Inventory Metal industries (23%) Manufacturing industries (14%) Waste incineration (8%) Boilers -- industrial, commercial, institutional, utility (6%) Other (small) categories (5%) Source Sectors of Lead Emissions in the U.S. Leaded aviation gas used in piston-engine aircraft (45%)

9 Public and Private Airport Facilites Servicing Piston-Engine Aircraft From Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association

10 Potentially Impacted Population  About 16 million people live within 1 km of the 20,000 airport facilities  About 3 million children attend schools that are located within 1 km of the 20,000 airport facilities airports  Includes more than 8,000 schools

11 Lead in Avgas  Leaded Avgas was not banned in 1990 CAA amendments  Industry agreed to work toward solutions  FAA, Coordinating Research Council and industry have been testing fuel alternatives since the late 1990’s

12 Regulations Governing Aircraft Lead Emissions  EPA can set exhaust emissions standards under CAA section 231  States are preempted under the CAA  EPA does not have authority under CAA section 211 to regulate fuels solely used in aircraft engines  FAA has exclusive authority to regulate aircraft fuels  A positive finding of endangerment puts EPA and FAA under a duty to exercise their respective regulatory authority to limit lead emissions