Biomolecules Molecules of Life

What is a Biomolecule? Any Molecule that is created by a living organism All of our food is made of biomolecules

Three Basic Types Carbohydrates – Three types Proteins- Infinite variety Fats- Two basic types

Carbohydrates Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen Identifiers Hydrogen:Oxygen ratio is 2:1 Basic Form is a ring

Three Basic Types of Carbohydrates Monosaccharide- Simple Sugar Example: Glucose Single Carbon Ring – C 6 H 12 O 6 Test: Benedicts Ready to be used by body. No digestion required.

Building a monosaccharide Look in the text book at a picture of a glucose molecule.(page 37) Use your text to help you draw a picture of your model

Three Basic Types of Carbohydrates Disaccharide- Complex sugars Example: Sucrose Two Carbon Rings- 2(C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Test: Benedicts Digested with pancreatic enzymes in small intestine in duodenum

Building a disaccharide Look in the book. What type of reaction occurs when two monosaccharides are joined together? (page 38) What type of molecule is released? Draw a picture of a disaccharide

Three Basic Types of Carbohydrates Polysaccharides: Starches Example: Pasta, rice, bread, potatoes Three or more carbon rings(usually over 100) Test: Lugols Digested with saliva and pancreatic enzymes

Three Basic Types of Carbohydrates All are created by plants through process of photosynthesis Uses- Food source for all animals

Proteins Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, also contain Nitrogen Identifier: NH2 and COOH functional groups Infinite Variety- Made from combinations of 20 different amino acids

Proteins Test- Ninhydrin, and Buirets Origin – Protein Synthesis Uses – Forms tissue of all plants and animals

Proteins Provides amino acids for our body to carry out protein synthesis Digestion- Begins in stomach with HCl, completed in small intestine with pancreatic enzymes

From the textbook Look up amino acids and proteins (page 42-43) What type of reaction occurs when two amino acids combine to form a di- peptide (protein)? How is this similar to the formation of a disaccharide?

Fats – Two Types Made of Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen Identifier- Hydrogen/oxgen ratio is greater than 2:1 Test- Brown paper bag – see oily spot

Fats – Two Types Saturated Example: Butter All Carbon bonds are single (saturated with hydrogen) Test- Solid at room temperature

Fats – Two Types Unsaturated Example: olive oil, canola oil Some carbon bonds are double (not saturated with hydrogen) Test- Liquid at room temperature

Fats – Two Types Origin- Built by liver from excess glucose for long term storage Glycerol molecule bonds with 3 fatty acids

Fats – Two Types Uses: Store energy Insulation Lubrication Cell membrane Broken down with bile in small intestine, then digested by pancreatic enzymes

Look at the models of Fatty acids? What do you notice about the stability of the two molecules? From your observations, why are unsaturated fats liquid at room temperature?

Mystery Food You are a forensic scientist who has discovered a mystery food product at the scene of a crime. You take it back to the laboratory to determine what it is made from. Use the information in your notes to design an experiment to determine which biomolecules are present

Mystery Food Note the directions with each experiment. How will you determine how to interpret the results? We will be writing a WASL style application write-up

CSI: Mystery Powder to Trace Challenge: What biomolecules are in the unknown? Rules: What are Biomolecules? What are the chemical differences between them? Write this information from your notes. Gather information: What tests can be used to identify each type of biomolecule? Write this from your notes. Safety: Eye protection when using hotplate

CSI: Mystery Powder to Trace Explore ideas: Try each indicator with each of the various known biomolecules to see what they look like. Follow Directions for each indicator. Make a data table to record your data

Data Table Record color/observations with: Benedicts Fehlings Lugols Ninhydrin Buirets Brn pap. Glucose Sucrose Starch Gelatin MSG

Now determine the Unknown Plan Summary: Describe how you will determine the unknown? Provide step by step description of your experiment List all materials you will need to solve the problem Check off ___Have someone read your application to be sure it is complete

CSI: Mystery Powder to Trace Test Solution: Carry out your tests. What will you do for repetition? Test Results: Set up a data table to record all reaction results with the unknown Description of Actual Results: Describe the color reactions you got on the mystery powder with each test. How do they compare with the results with the known biomolecules?

CSI: Mystery Powder to Trace Conclusion: What will you report to the D.A. about the mystery powder? What information will you use to be persuasive?

CSI: Mysery Powder to Trace What is one feature of your test that gives you confidence in your results? What is another feature of your test that makes you unsure of your results?

Understanding Biomolecules Biomolecules contain energy we need to live! Make a diagram that shows the energy transfers that occur in the life of a monosaccharide: Begin with the sun. Show both where energy is transferred, and what types of energy transfers are involved. Remember there are light, thermal, chemical, and mechanical energy transfers.