Group 1 agents with less than sufficient evidence in humans 2,3,4,7,8-Pentachlorodibenzofuran 3,4,5,3’,4’-Pentachlorobiphenyl (PCB-126) 4,4’-Methylenebis(2-chloroaniline) (MOCA) Alpha- and beta-particle emitters Areca nut Aristolochic acid Benzidine, dyes metabolised to Benzo[a]pyrene Ethanol in alcoholic beverages Ethylene oxide Etoposide Ionizing radiation (all types) Neutron radiation N′-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN) and 4-(N-nitroso- methylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) Ultraviolet radiation The IARC Monographs Volume 100 : The known causes of human cancer by organ site Oral cavityAlcoholic beverages Betel quid with tobacco Betel quid without tobacco Human papillomavirus type 16 Smokeless tobacco Tobacco smoking PharynxAlcoholic beverages Betel quid with tobacco Human papillomavirus type 16 Tobacco smoking Salivary glandX-radiation, gamma-radiation NasopharynxEpstein-Barr virus Formaldehyde Salted fish, Chinese-style Wood dust Nasal cavity and paranasal sinus Isopropyl alcohol manufacture using strong acids Leather dust Nickel compounds Radium-226 and its decay products Radium-228 and its decay products Tobacco smoking Wood dust LarynxAcid mists, strong inorganic Alcoholic beverages Asbestos (all forms) Tobacco smoking LungAluminium production Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Asbestos (all forms) Beryllium and beryllium compounds Bis(chloromethyl)ether; chloromethyl methyl ether (technical grade) Cadmium and cadmium compounds Chromium (VI) compounds Coal, indoor emissions from household combustion Coal gasification Coal-tar pitch Coke production Haematite mining (underground) Iron and steel founding MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture) Nickel compounds Painter (occupational exposure as) Plutonium Radon-222 and its decay products Rubber production industry Silica dust, crystalline Soot Sulfur mustard Tobacco smoke, secondhand Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation OesophagusAcetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages Betel quid with tobacco Betel quid without tobacco Smokeless tobacco Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation StomachHelicobacter pylori Rubber production industry Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation Colon and rectumAlcoholic beverages Tobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation Liver (hepatocytes) Aflatoxins Alcoholic beverages Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives Hepatitis B virus Hepatitis C virus Plutonium Thorium-232 and its decay products Tobacco smoking (in smokers and in smokers’ children) Vinyl chloride Gall bladderThorium-232 and its decay products PancreasSmokeless tobacco Tobacco smoking Upper aerodigestive tractAcetaldehyde associated with consumption of alcoholic beverages Uterine cervixDiethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 Tobacco smoking EndometriumEstrogen menopausal therapy Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy Tamoxifen OvaryAsbestos (all forms) Estrogen menopausal therapy Tobacco smoking VaginaDiethylstilbestrol (exposure in utero) Human papillomavirus type 16 VulvaHuman papillomavirus type 16 PenisHuman papillomavirus type 16 Urinary bladderAluminium production 4-Aminobiphenyl Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Auramine production Benzidine Chlornaphazine Cyclophosphamide Magenta production 2-Naphthylamine Painter (occupational exposure as) Rubber production industry Schistosoma haematobium Tobacco smoking ortho-Toluidine X-radiation, gamma-radiation Renal pelvis and ureter Aristolochic acid, plants containing Phenacetin Phenacetin, analgesic mixtures containing Tobacco smoking Leukaemia/ lymphoma Azathioprine Benzene Busulfan 1,3-Butadiene Chlorambucil Cyclophosphamide Cyclosporine Epstein-Barr virus Etoposide with cisplatin and bleomycin Fission products, including Strontium-90 Formaldehyde Helicobacter Pylori Hepatitis C virus Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus Melphalan MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture) Phosphorus-32, as phosphate Rubber production industry Semustine [1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(4- methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea, or methyl-CCNU] Thiotepa Thorium-232 and its decay products Tobacco smoking Treosulfan X-radiation, gamma-radiation BreastAlcoholic beverages Diethylstilbestrol Estrogen-progestogen contraceptives Estrogen-progestogen menopausal therapy X-radiation, gamma-radiation Skin (other malignant neoplasms) Arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds Azathioprine Coal-tar distillation Coal-tar pitch Cyclosporine Methoxsalen plus ultraviolet A Mineral oils, untreated or mildly treated Shale oils Solar radiation Soot X-radiation, gamma-radiation BonePlutonium Radium-224 and its decay products Radium-226 and its decay products Radium-228 and its decay products X-radiation, gamma-radiation EyeHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Welding Brain and central nervous system X-radiation, gamma-radiation Thyroid Radioiodines, including iodine-131 (exposure during childhood and adolescence) X-radiation, gamma-radiation Mesothelioma (pleura or peritoneum) Asbestos (all forms) Erionite Painter (occupational exposure as) Endothelium (Kaposi sarcoma) Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus Skin (melanoma) Solar radiation Ultraviolet-emitting tanning devices Section of the IARC Monographs (IMO) Biliary tractChlonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis viverrini Multiple sites (unspecified) Cyclosporine Fission products, including Strontium-90 X-radiation, gamma-radiation (exposure in utero) All cancers combined 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo- para-dioxin TonsilHuman papillomavirus type 16 AnusHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 Human papillomavirus type 16 KidneyTobacco smoking X-radiation, gamma-radiation