Air Quality Surveillance Branch (AQSB) Air Monitoring Operations Patrick Vaca

Air Quality Surveillance Branch u Branch Overview u Air Monitoring Fundamentals u Air Quality Monitoring Decisions u Air Quality Monitoring Program u Data Management u AQSB Programs and Special Projects

Air Quality Surveillance Branch u Chief, Bill Oslund u Mission: To support the Board’s control by providing air quality data to help define the nature, extent and trend of the state’s air pollution problem.

Branch Sections (5) u Air Quality Monitoring, North –Manager, Larry Molek u Air Quality Monitoring, Central – Manager, Pete Ouchida u Air Quality Monitoring, South – Manager, Curt Schreiber u Operations Support Section –Manager, Vacant u Special Purpose Monitoring – Manager, Ken Stroud

Regulations u California – Health and Safety Code u USEPA – 40 Code of Federal Regulation (CFR) 50 - NAAQS – 40 CFR 53 - Methods – 40 CFR 58 - Monitoring criteria

Definitions u Reference Method u Equivalent Method u Accuracy u Precision u Standard Conditions

Air Quality Monitoring Decisions u Monitoring Objectives u Network Design u Purpose of Monitoring Sites u Scales of Monitoring

Monitoring Objectives u To determine highest concentrations expected to occur in the area covered by network u To determine representative concentrations in areas of high population density u To determine impact on ambient pollution levels of significant source categories u To determine background concentration levels

Network Design u Eventual Use of the Data – Modeling – Baseline conditions – Land use decisions – Planning decisions u Previous Monitoring History

Network Design u Emission Sources – Stationary sources – Mobile sources – Growth and projected new sources u Fugitive Sources u Re-entrained Sources

Network Design u Pollutant Transport u Topography or Terrain u Climatology and Meteorology u Population Levels u Population Centers

Network Design u Available Monitoring Sites u Station Start-up Costs – Equipment – Lease space tenant improvements u Station Operation Costs – Equipment operation and maintenance – Station costs (lease payments, heating, etc..) – Support Personnel (spare parts, repair, etc..)

Purpose of Monitoring Sites u State and Local Air Monitoring Stations (SLAMS) u Nat’l Air Monitoring Stations (NAMS) u Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) u Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) u Special Purpose Monitoring (SPM)

Scales of Monitoring u Microscale – Concentrations in air volumes from several meters up to 100 meters u Middle Scale – Concentrations in air volumes from 100 meters up to about.5 Km u Neighborhood – Concentrations in air volumes from.5 Km to 4 Km

Scales of Monitoring u Urban – Concentrations in air volumes from 4 to 50 Km u Regional – Concentrations in rural air volumes from tens to hundreds of Km u National and Global – Concentrations in air volumes from representing a nation or the world as a whole

Monitoring Objectives and Scale Monitoring ObjectiveAppropriate Siting Scales Highest Concentration Population Source Impact General / Background Micro, Middle, Neighborhood (sometimes Urban) Neighborhood, Urban Micro, Middle, Neighborhood Neighborhood, Regional, Global

Station Configuration u ARB has a standard configuration u District may have their own configuration parameters

Station Siting u 40 CFR 58 - Siting Guidelines u If Not Properly Sited - Cannot Rely on Results u Each Pollutant Has Different Requirements Based on Pollutant Properties u Siting Criteria Also Dependent on: – Objective – Purpose – Scale

Air Monitoring Instrumentation u Gaseous – Ozone, CO, NO x, HC, SO 2 u Meteorological Instruments u Particulate u Toxics u Calibration Instrumentation

Ambient Air Monitoring Program u Criteria Pollutants u Meteorological u Particulate u Toxics u Acid Deposition

Criteria Pollutant Monitoring u Gaseous Criteria Pollutants – Ozone – Carbon Monoxide – Nitrogen Dioxide – Sulfur Dioxide

Ozone u Colorless gas with a pungent, irritating odor u Continuously monitored with analyzers that measure the amount of UV absorbed by molecular ozone u Sampling Method (Ultraviolet Photometry) u Equivalent Method

Ozone  Standards LevelTime 0.12 ppm 0.08 ppm 1 hr 8 hr California Federal 0.09 ppm 1 hr

Ozone u Analyzers – UV Analyzers – Mercury lamp (UV Source) – Analytical wavelength = 254 nm u Dasibi 1003AH u API 400

UV Analyzer

Carbon Monoxide u Colorless, odorless gas u Continuously monitored with analyzers that take advantage of its strong tendency to absorb IR radiation u Sampling Method (Non-Dispersive Infared Radiation, NDIR) u Reference Method

Carbon Monoxide  Standards LevelTime 9 ppm 35 ppm California Federal 9 ppm * 20 ppm 8 hr 1 hr 8 hr 1 hr * except Lake Tahoe: 6 ppm

Carbon Monoxide u Analyzers – NDIR – Gas Filter Correlation – Analytical wavelength 4.7  m u TECO 48 u Dasibi 3008

NDIR Analyzer

Nitrogen Dioxide u Reddish-brown gas, with irritating odor u Continuously monitored indirectly with analyzers that measure total oxides of nitrogen u Sampling Method (Gas Phase Chemiluminescence) u Reference Method

Nitrogen Dioxide u Standards Level Time ppm California Federal 0.25 ppm 1 hr annual average

Nitrogen Dioxide u Analyzers – Chemiluminescence – NO + O 3 NO 2 + h ( nm) – High energy to generate O 3 – Directly measure NO only – Reduce NO 2 to NO in converter – Measure total NO x – Calculate NO 2 by difference (NOx - NO) u TECO 14B and TECO 42

Chemiluminescence Analyzer

Sulfur Dioxide u Colorless gas, with a strong suffocating odor u Continuously monitored with analyzers that measure the level of fluorescence emitted by SO2 after being exposed to UV light u Sampling Method (UV Fluorescence) u Equivalent Method

Sulfur Dioxide u Standards LevelTime 0.03 ppm * 0.14 ppm ** 0.5 ppm ** California Federal 0.04 ppm 0.25 ppm 24 hr 1 hr annual average 24 hr 3 hr * primary; ** secondary

Sulfur Dioxide u Analyzers – Fluorescence analyzers – UV excitation light (210 nm) – Measure emitted light (350 nm) u TECO 43

Fluorescence Analyzer

Calibration Equipment u Required to perform nightly calibrations u Equipment –Dilution Calibration Systems –Pure Air Generator –Certified Cylinder Gases

Meteorological Monitoring Program u Transport of pollutants u Modeling u Ag Burn u Met One Instruments u EPA QA Handbook Volume IV

Meteorological Instruments u Wind Direction u Wind Speed u Temperature u Relative Humidity u Rain Fall u Atmospheric Pressure

Data Management u Data Quality Objectives (DQO’s) u Quality Control – Instrument technician training – Periodic training on existing and new equipment – Documentation – Equipment calibrations

Data Management u Quality of data – Accuracy and Precision – Completeness u Valid Hour and Day – 30 continuous minutes in any one hr – 24 hr period must have in each 8 hr segment ( , , ) at least 6 hrs of valid hourly data

Data Management u Data Review and Editing – Air Quality Data Acquisition System (AQDAS) » Collects and processes data from statewide air monitoring network – First, second, third level reviews – Checked against strip charts and calibrations – Complete data set – Reviewed for accuracy and consistency

Data Management u Data Submittal – Upload to Aerometric Information Retrieval System (AIRS) database – Air Quality Data Actions » data deletion » data correction

AQSB Programs and Special Projects u AQDAS II u Mobile Air Monitoring (Rover’s) u Remote Meteorological Monitoring (Profiler’s) u Saturation Sampling u Instrument Intercomparison Study u Mexico Border Monitoring

AQDAS II u Next generation data acquisition system u Network of Local Area Networks (LAN’s) using Environmental Monitoring Company (EMC) PC based software u Provide central database for air monitoring data u Data collected and edited on central system u Generate data in AIRS format

Mobile Air Monitoring (Rover) u Short to medium ambient air monitoring u Full air monitoring stations u Two platforms –GMC Van (Blue Rover) –Wells Cargo Trailer (White Rover) u Current deployments –Tecate, Mexico –San Diego (Barrio Logan District)

Blue Rover

White Rover

Saturation Sampling u Provide rapid and cost effective temporal and spacial distribution of pollutants u Sampler consists of (2) 5- liter tedlar bags, PC board, pump and battery u Samples for CO and particulates only

Remote Meteorological Monitoring (Profiler) u Provides upper air meteorological data u Remote sensing doppler radar w/ acoustic sources u Measures horizontal wind speed and direction and virtual temperature profiles

Instrument Intercomparison Study u Bakersfield monitoring station (Dec 98 to Jan 99) u Evaluated continuous real-time particulate samplers - for possible purchase u samplers u New technology (Off-shelf and Prototype) u California Regional PM10/PM2.5 Air Quality Study (CRPAQ) u Final report (July 99)

Mexico Border Monitoring u Assist U.S. EPA and SEDESOL (Mexican EPA) in establishing and operating monitoring stations in Tijuana and Mexicali, Mexico u Proposed network to consist of 6 stations in each area (4 full stations, 2 particulate stations) u 10 currently sites operational u Sites operated by contractor

Summary