APUSH: SPICONARDI THE JEFFERSON PRESIDENCY

DO NOW Based on Jefferson’s Inaugural, what were the principles he declared he would govern by and what were specific components of his agenda?

THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1801 In a last-minute piece of legislation, the Federalist Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 Judiciary Act of 1801 Reduces number of Supreme Court Justices from 6 to 5 Reorganizes circuit courts which required 16 new judges be appointed Adams appoints “midnight judges” during the last 19 days of his presidency Three are appointed on the last day

MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) Upon taking the oath of office, Jefferson attempted to block these judicial commissions Jefferson instructed his secretary of state, Madison, not to deliver Adams’ judicial commissions William Marbury, a judicial appointee, sued under the Judiciary Act of 1789 Argued the Supreme Court could force Madison to turn in the commission Madison argued the commissions were issued too late William Marbury

MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) The Ruling Marbury had the right to his commission However, the Supreme Court did not have the authority to enforce the commission The Judiciary Act of 1789 violated the Constitution and should be nullified Judicial Review This case establishes the precedent of judicial review Judicial Review  Judicial Review  The Supreme Court could exercise the power to decide whether an act of Congress or the president was constitutional. Prior to this, the Supreme Court had heard only ten cases; none of which were terribly important

MARBURY V. MADISON Chief Justice John Marshall Appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court by Adams Would served 34 years Influenced the direction of the Supreme Court for years to come The Marshall Court During Marshall’s tenure, the Supreme Court would strengthen the federal government at the expense of state’s rights Did you know that Jefferson and Marshall were cousins?

JEFFERSON’S AGENDA Reduce the size of the federal government Eliminated federal jobs (many of which were tax collectors) Lower Taxes Repeals excise taxes – including those on whiskey Only taxes through customs Decrease the size of the military Believed citizens would band together if America were threatened Essentially made the navy gunboats as opposed to ships

JEFFERSON’S AGENDA Jeffersonian Democracy Jefferson envisioned an agrarian utopia Only through farming could there truly be an independent republican citizenry Manufacturing and financial speculation were threats to independence Debt and factory worked robbed a man of his autonomy He was at the mercy of his boss or debtors Government must not violate the rights of an individual To ensure this, there should be a strict interpretation of the federal government’s powers "Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God." "Those who labor in the earth are the chosen people of God."

LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) In 1800, Napoleon obtained territory from Spain in secrecy. This land included New Orleans and lands west of the Mississippi River. Why is this a problem for the United States? Jefferson offers $10 million for New Orleans and land that extended to Florida The French offered the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million Napoleon was desperate for money Vendez le territoire ! Je dois de l'argent !

LOUISIANA PURCHASE (1803) What does Jefferson do? Adhere to his strict constitutional principles? Provide an opportunity for his agrarian utopia? What would the Federalists thought about purchasing the Louisiana Territory? WRONG! They believed Jefferson had no constitutional authority to negotiate a deal with the consent of Congress Jefferson sends the deal the Senate, which quickly approve the purchase We are to give money of which we have too little for land of which we already have too much.

EMBARGO ACT (1807) To punish Britain for impressing Americans and for blockading French ports, Jefferson issues an embargo Embargo Act of 1807 Prohibits American merchant ships from sailing into any foreign port Jefferson believed that Britain was so dependent on American raw materials they would stop impressing and blockading Effects Britain acquires materials from South America Exports drop by 80% Economy devastated – New England considers succession

EMBARGO ACT (1807)

JEFFERSON ON BLACKS Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory they are equal to the whites; in reason much inferior, as I think one [black] could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid…

JEFFERSON ON BLACKS Add to these, flowing hair, a more elegant symmetry of form, their own judgment in favor of the whites, declared by their preference of them, as uniformly as is the preference of the orangutan for the black women over those of his own species. The circumstance of superior beauty, is thought worthy attention in the propagation of our horses, dogs, and other domestic animals; why not in that of man?

JEFFERSON ON BLACKS I advance it therefore as a suspicion only, that the blacks…are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind

EVALUATING JEFFERSON To what extent did Thomas Jefferson uphold the principles articulated in his inaugural address? To what extent did he realize his agenda? Provide one piece of evidence for each of the following Jefferson upheld his principles Jefferson undermined his principles Jefferson realized an aspect of his agenda Jefferson failed to realize an aspect of his agenda