Kingdom Plantae Plants!

Plants Eukaryotic Multicellular Autotrophic (mostly) –Photosynthesis Alternation of Generations –Sporic Life Cycle –Gametophyte –Sporophyte

Plants Alternation of Generations:

Plants

NON-VASCULAR Plants DIVISION: Bryophyta –Mosses, hornworts, liverworts No true vascular tissue Gametophyte Dominant –Sporophyte reduced (and tiny) -- dependent on the gametophyte. Homosporous Swimming sperm – water is needed! No Seeds

Bryophytes (Mosses) Gametophyte Dominant

Bryophytes (Mosses)

VASCULAR Plants Vascular Tissue = specialized conducting tubes for transporting water/nutrients. –Strength –Allow for increases in size & complexity –Xylem – water & mineral transport –Phloem – “photosynthate” & nutrient transport

SEEDLESS VASCULAR Plants 4 DIVISIONS: –Psilophyta – whisk ferns –Lycophyta – club mosses –Sphenophyta -- horsetails –Pterophyta – ferns Sporophyte Dominant –Gametophyte reduced -- dependent on the sporophyte. Homosporous Swimming sperm – water is needed! No Seeds

Pterophytes (Ferns)

SEEDS Seed = –Embryo + Food + Integuments Allows for: –Protection –Dormancy –Dispersal –Nourishment –Germination

SEED-PRODUCING VASCULAR Plants Seeds! Reduced Gametophytes –Gametophytes dependent on Sporophytes Heterosporous –Microspores  Microgametophytes (pollen) –Megaspores  Megagametophytes (ovules) –Allows for success in DRY environments: land! Gymnosperms -- “Naked Seeds” Angiosperms -- “Vessel Seeds”

Gymnosperms

Gymnosperms = naked seeds 4 DIVISIONS: –Cycadophyta - cycads –Ginkgophyta - ginkgo –Gnetophyta - ephedra –Coniferophyta - conifers Sporophyte Dominant –Gametophyte very reduced -- dependent on the sporophyte. Heteroporous Non-swimming sperm – water is not needed!

Coniferophyta “Conifers” –Pine, spruce, fir, larch, juniper, redwood, cypress, hemlock… Often Evergreen Leaves needle-like –Water retension Cones –Ovulate cones –Staminate cones

Coniferophyta Megaspores Microspores Spring, 2006: Microspores  pollen Summer, 2007: pollen released, enters ♀ cones Fall, 2008: seeds shed

Angiosperms = vessel seeds 1 DIVISION: –Anthophyta – Flowering Plants! Sporophyte Dominant –Gametophyte very reduced -- dependent on the sporophyte. Heteroporous Non-swimming sperm – water is not needed!

Anthophyta Flowering Plants (= fruiting plants!) –Daisy, Lily, Marigold, Oak, Maple, Grasses, Palms, Cattails… Flowers: Complete Incomplete Monoecious Dioecious Perfect Imperfect (Either Staminate or Carpellate Flowers) Pistil

Anthophyta

Fruit = Expanded ovary (surrounding the seeds) – the “vessel”. –(Many variations)

Anthophyta Often Deciduous (seasonal drop of leaves) Variously-shaped leaves/roots/stems 2 CLASSES: –Monocotyledonae (monocots) –Dicotyledonae (dicots)

Monocotyledonae (Monocots) 1 Cotyledon Parallel Leaf Veination Flower parts in 3’s & 6’s Scattered vascular bundles in shoot. Fibrous Root System

Dicotyledonae (Dicots) 2 Cotyledons Netted Leaf Veination Flower Parts in 4’s or 5’s Ring of Vascular Bundles Tap Root System

Vascular Plant Form & Function

Flowering Plant Body Plan

Roots Growing Tip

Shoots Xylem Phloem

Leaves

Plant Growth Meristems –Primary Growth -- Length of shoots & roots. Apical Meristems –Secondary Growth -- Girth of shoots & roots Lateral Meristems (Vascular Cambium, Pericycle)