Kingdom Plantae 1

plants 2 cell walls -cellulose sexual & asexual reproduction eukaryotic multicellular autotrophic 2

Minerals Sunlight What plants need to live Gas Exchange Water 3

Land Adaptations 4 To move from the water to land, plants had to adapt Green algae are believed to be the ancestors of modern plants To move from the water to land, plants had to adapt systems that would support their weight provide transport of water and nutrients protection from drying out, and insulation from the sun and temperature changes. invasion of land by plants probably occurred about 450 million years ago 4

Present 5 Past

Divisions of Plants 7

Spore Producing Nonvascular Plants 8

Bryophytes Clip Water transported by osmosis Small 9 Simplest plants Must remain near water 9

spores Spores are specialized structures that can grow directly into a new plant 10

Mosses Uses: 11 Must live in moist place Small decomposer Serve as pioneer plants on bare rock or ground Help prevent erosion shelter for insects & small animals nesting materials by birds & mammals Sphagnum or peat moss forms peat bogs (wet ecosystem) Peat is burned as fuel in some areas Small Must live in moist place 11

Majority of liverworts grow in moist, shady locations 17

Spore Producing vascular Plants 18

Vascular Tissue 19

20 Two types of vascular Tissue XYLEM: Vascular tissue that transports water and minerals upward through the plant body. Two types of vascular Tissue PHLOEM: Vascular tissue that transports sugars from photosynthesis through the plant body. 20

These plants are sometimes called scouring rushes because the epidermal (outer) cells contain silica in their cell walls. They were used by Native Americans & early pioneers for scrubbing and polishing. 24 Horsetails

26 Ferns

27 Largest group of living seedless vascular plants Live in moist habitats Alternates between dominant Sporophyte stage & Gametophyte stage Need water for sexual reproduction Produce spores on the underside of their fronds 27

28 Spores produced on underside of frond Clip

Seed Producing Vascular Plants 33

Reproduction AWAY From water Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers, Gnetophytes 34 Reproduction AWAY From water Gymnosperms Sperm incased in Pollen Grain Embryos in Seeds Cone-Bearing Cycads, Ginkgoes, Conifers, Gnetophytes Angiosperms Flowering Plants

35 Seeds

the sprouting of a seed is called 36 the sprouting of a seed is called germination. Plant embryo Stored food supply Seed coat

become favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant. 37 Seeds can tolerate unfavorable conditions by becoming dormant. When conditions become favorable, the seed sprouts into a new plant.

38 Seeds can be dispersed by wind, water and animals.

Plant Body Structure 39

40

Roots: anchor, store nutrients, absorb minerals and water. 42 Roots: anchor, store nutrients, absorb minerals and water.

White Potato: NOT A ROOT-An underground stem! 44 Bean roots White Potato: NOT A ROOT-An underground stem!

STEMS Provide structural support 45 STEMS Provide structural support produce leaves, branches, and flowers. Transport water and minerals between the roots and leaves.

site of photosynthesis, which produces food for the entire plant. 47 leaves site of photosynthesis, which produces food for the entire plant.

Vascular tissue Outer layer of cells 49 Waxy covering to prevent water loss Outer layer of cells Vascular tissue

50 Gymnosperms

51 “naked seed” Seeds produced in cones do not need water for reproduction

52 Pollen Grains

transferred by wind, water, or animals 54 Pollination: When the pollen is transferred from the male part of the plant to the female part of the plant. transferred by wind, water, or animals

Scientist can learn information about past weather and climate from tree rings. 57

Cartoon Break 59

grasses, wildflowers, shrubs,and trees. 60 grasses, wildflowers, shrubs,and trees. Angiosperms Produce their reproductive structure in flowers

wide variety of environments. 61 Seeds, pollen, flowers, and fruit are adaptations that allow angiosperms to survive in a wide variety of environments. do not need water for reproduction

Fruit is a ripened ovary with its seeds

Two groups of Angiosperms: Monocotyledon -one seed leaf Dicotyledon 62 Two groups of Angiosperms: Monocotyledon -one seed leaf Dicotyledon -two seed leaves “Seed Leaf”

63 Monocots vs. Dicots

64

Pollinationtransfer of pollen Flowers are unique reproductive organs that produce seeds surrounded by a fruit. 65 POLLINATION Female Male Pollinationtransfer of pollen

69 Carnivorous Plants

Seed plants have important uses for Food and Medicine 70 Seed plants have important uses for Food and Medicine Angiosperms produce flowers, fruits, seeds, and pollen that provide food essential to many organisms, including humans--cereal grains, legumes, &root crops. Trees provide food and shelter for many animals, as well as providing fuel, lumber, and paper products. Fibers like cotton. CLIP

Tropisms Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines 71 Tropism—a plant’s response to their environment Geotropism—a plant’s response to gravity Phototropism—a plant’s response to light Thigmotropism—a plant’s response to touch Oldest living trees: Bristle Cone pines