How does moss utilize water? Why is moss so short? How does moss utilize water? Where are you likely to find moss? Why is this the case? http://image.tutorvista.com/content/kingdoms-living-world/bryophyte-life-cycle-stages.jpeg

How is the fern more advanced than the moss? http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/fecycle.gif How is the fern more advanced than the moss? In terms of height, how does the fern compare to moss and the pine tree?

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms The Seed Plants

Gymnosperms Seeded land plants Contain an ovule & seed Pollinate for reproduction – male non-flagellated pollen grains (wind dispersal) Contain a “naked seed” NOT contained within an ovary.

Gymnosperm Life Cycle The diploid (sporophyte) stage produces cones. Male and female cones (the reproductive structures) produce two different kinds of haploid spores: microspores (male) and megaspores (female). These spores give rise to gametophytes of the same sex, which in turn produce the gametes. Fertilization occurs when pollen grains are carried to the open end of an ovule.

4 Gymnosperm Divisions Pinophyta or Coniferophyta (pines, firs, spruces) Cycadophyta (cycads) Ginkophyta (ginko) Gnetophyta (a mix of traits found in the three previous divisions AND they contain some angiosperm traits, the “dumping” ground)

Pinophyta or Coniferophyta woody plants, usually trees wood compact Many have woody cones

Pinophyta/Coniferophyta All other pinophytes are more common for example: Pines, firs, spruce, even giant redwoods

Cycads Possess large cones Found in Florida and Australia (possibly others) palmlike plants leaves usually pinnately compound 11 existing genera Dioecious (separate sexed plants)

Ginkgophyta Only one living species- the “supposed” oldest tree around fan-shaped leaves, bilobed or with more lobes, Found initially in China and now all-over dioecious

The Angiosperms (Anthophyta) 260,000 living species classified in 453 families

Angiosperm Characteristics Angiosperms, although very diverse all share several common characteristics: Ovules that are enclosed within a flower Double fertilization, which leads to the formation of an endosperm Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

Monocots v. Dicots DICOTS MONOCOTS Two cotyledons (seed leaf) Netlike venation Flower parts in multiples of 4’s of 5’s Vascular bundles are in rings Secondary (woody) growth Root develops from radicle, often a tap root MONOCOTS One cotyledon (seed leaf) Parallel (usually) venation Flower parts in multiples of 3’s Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles No secondary growth Roots are adventitious, often fibrous

Monocot – scattered bundles Dicot –bundles arranged in rings Corn Stem Monocot – scattered bundles Medicago Plant Dicot –bundles arranged in rings

ringed array of vascular bundles in this Rananculus Dicot – Root X-shaped xylem Corn Root Monocot ringed array of vascular bundles in this

Angiosperm Reproduction Meiosis in the sporophyte generation produces two kinds of spores. microspores which will germinate and develop into the male gametophyte generation and megaspores will develop into the female gametophyte generation. Flowers develop from flower buds.