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Lab section# students Lab overcrowding Three options: I restrict morning labs to those who registered initially. 6-8 students move to the afternoon labs. 6-8 students in morning labs take the class another time.

Lichens, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes

A cartoon tree of life (not to scale!) Eukaryotes Fungi Animals Plants Archaea Bacteria “Protists”

Lichen (not a plant) A symbiotic organism (always at least 2 partners) Fungus with cyanobacteria and/or green alga

Lichens

Lichen reproduction and dispersal

Lichen diversity 3 main growth forms crustose fruticose foliose

Lichen biodiversity used as an indicator of air quality

Lichen diversity Old Man’s Beard (Usnea)

Lichen diversity Spotted dog lichen Peltigira

Lichen diversity Powderhorn and funnel lichens (Cladonia spp.)

Lichen diversity Reindeer “moss” (Cladonia)

Lichen diversity Tumbleweed shield lichen (Xanthoparmelia)

The evolution of plant diversity

What do most plants have in common? 1.Photosynthetic organelles (chloroplasts) --> make sugars from CO 2 using light energy 2.Alternation of generations --> have 2 multi-cellular life stages

2N (diploid) organism meiosis 1N (haploid) gametes OR What we do:

2N (diploid) organism meiosis 1N (haploid) gametes OR What we do: fusion & mitosis 2N (diploid) organism

What plants do: Alternation of Generations mitosis meiosis 1N gametophyte 2N sporophyte spores gametes mitosis +

Plant life cycles

Bryophytes: nonvascular plants (mosses and liverworts)

Bryophyte “primitive” features non-vascular(no transport system) no true roots/belowground organs flagellate sperm - require H 2 O to reach egg seedless - dispersal by spores, fragmentation, gemmae dominant gametophyte (haploid) stage in life cycle

Mosses - dominant gametophyte w/ attached sporophyte

peristome

Bryophyta sporophyte gametophyte capsule seta

Bryophyte diversity (3 phyla) Bryophyta (Mosses) -12,000 species Sphagnidae (peat mosses: Sphagnum) Andreaeaidae (lantern mosses) Bryidae (95% of moss species) Hepatophyta (Liverworts) Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)

Sphagnidae single genus: Sphagnum; about 200 spp. about 1% of terrestrial surface is covered by Sphagnum !!!

20% of electrical power in Ireland from peat combustion

Bryidae: most common family of mosses Features used for ID Gametophyte general growth form - stems erect or prostrate leaf cellular features Sporophyte capsule morphology peristome teeth features

PolytrichumTortula & Aulacomnium Grimmia Hylocomium

Liverworts 8000 species worldwide 2 orders Marchantiales (“Thalloid”) Jungermanniales (“Leafy”)

Hornworts - primary tropical

The evolution of plant diversity

Land plants (Embryophytes) Vascular plants ~450 million years ago Present Bryophytes (mosses, liverworts) Lycopods (club mosses) Seed plants Monophilites (ferns, horsetails) woodiness seeds tracheids (vascular cells for water transport) “true” leaves multiple adaptations to life on land

Ferns - dominant sporophyte, free-living gametophyte sporophyte gametophyte

Tree Ferns Pteridophytes (Ferns) Single central vascular bundle

Isoetes sp. (Quillwort) Lycophytes - Club mosses Lepidodendron (tree-size fossil club moss) Selaginella microphylls Lycopodium annotidum (Stiff Club Moss)

Lycophytes - Club mosses strobilus

Sphenophytes - Horsetails 1 widespread genus - Equistetum (Equisetaceae)

Sphenophytes - Horsetails

Adiantum pedatum (Maidenhair Fern) Polypodium vulgare (Polypody) Tree Ferns (once in Montana!) Pterophytes (Ferns)

Ferns -- dominant sporophyte, free-living gametophyte sporophyte gametophyte

Fern identification Leaf shape Sori on regular leaves vs. specialized leaves