Maintaining Korean heritage language in a Midwest public elementary school Hee Young Choi University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

I. Introduction 1. Purpose of the Study To examine Korean elementary students’ perspectives and attitudes to: - KLS (Korean Language School) - Korean class in Pine Grove Elementary school

2. Background Traditional studies on HL (Heritage Language) maintenance Increasing new group of students: ESA (Early Study Abroad)/Migrating Korean students - 110,000 Korean students in the U.S.(U.S. ICE, 2009) - About 30,000 K-12 Korean ESA students in 2006 (KEDI, 2006)

Korean Students Early Study Abroad Excluded: immigration, accompanying with dispatched parents (Dong-A Ilbo, Sep. 23, 2007)

3. Problem Statement Dominant discourse of English-only context Linguistic cost - Short term: Elementary students - Long term: Secondary school students

4. Keys to maintain Korean HL L1 program in public school Collaborative effort between local KLS and public schools Educating Korean parents and public school teachers

II. Literature Review 1. HLL (Heritage Language Learner) Traditional definition: “someone who is raised in a home where a non-English language is spoken” (Valdés, 2001, p. 38) Lee & Shin (2008): growing pool of Korean heritage language speakers - Broad range of proficiency from high to none in Korean oral or literacy skills: Temporary residents from Korea (ESA students)

"Responsibility for maintenance and development of the native language is usually left to the family, and public school support for the development of Korean at the K-12 level is still rare.“ (Lee & Shin, 2008, p. 8)

III. Method 1. Qualitative Research & Case Study Denzin & Lincoln (2005) - Meanings in the natural setting Stake (2005) - Questions of what specially can be learned from the single case

2. Data Collection KLS: 4 months observation, interview with principal, a teacher, and six 3rd grade students L1 program of Pine Grove Elementary school: 4 months observation of Korean class and ESL class focusing on three 1st grade girl students, interview with those focal students, L1 program director, and Korean and ESL teachers

IV. Findings Affiliated by a Korean church Founded in 1979 w/ only elementary school students Currently, in 2008, more than 100 students - Pre K to 3 rd G.

1. Students’ Attitudes Low motivation: “No need to learn Korean” “This is not a school. This is a church, Ajeosi (uncle).” “Regular school is very interesting but Korean school is boring.”

2. Parents’ Attitudes English Only, Only English Researcher: What do you expect Hyunsu to accomplish through the staying in the U.S.? Hyunsu’s mother: I had to use averagely $ per month to teach English in Korea. So, this is a good opportunity to learn English. I want her to master not only English speaking but also reading and writing fluently.

Researcher: Do you prepare something for her for returning to Korea? Hyunsu’s mother: I don’t know yet but some parents who came here for a year concentrate on English learning for the first half year. Then a few months before returning to Korea they emphasize for their children to study math because math is difficult in Korea.

Midwest Twin Cities w/ a big university The only HL program in two school districts 11 Heritage Languages: Indonesian, French, Lao, Turkish, Korean, Japanese, Swahili, Vietnamese, Chinese, Arabic, and Russian

Continuing bilingual competence - Immigrant family students - University affiliated students Respected minority language and culture - Positive self-esteem - Opening up to learning

1. KLS vs. KHL Program

2. Students’ L1, L2 Participation/Development Socio-cultural Aspect - KHL class: Comfort zone “When I came to the Korean class, I was happy because I could talk, shout, or even express my anger. However, in the ESL or regular class, I just kept silent because I didn’t know how to do that in English!” (Sunju)

Competition vs. Cooperation Creating different relationship among students: Power shift - K: Hawon > Sunju > Euri - E: Euri > Sunju > Hawon (Euri: born in the U.S. Sunju: 1.5 years in the U.S. Hawon: 3 months in the U.S)

3. Linguistic Aspect L1-L2 interdependence - Cross-transfer - Helping conceptualization Coordinated instruction with regular class curriculum: ESL class

Findings 4. Thinking Readjustment in Korea - Mrs. Hong: Concerned Because their way of thinking has been changed a lot, they could have hard time when they try to adjust to Korean school. … Another big headache is “ Wangtta ” - outcast- at Korean school. They could be isolated by the classmates because of their lack of Korean language ability.  KHL vs. ESL

4. Challenges Recruiting qualified language teacher Negotiating w/ different grades & language levels Coordinating w/ regular class curriculum Educating parents

V. Discussion/Implication Parents Views on Bilingualism and the Impact of the Views Low motivation and resistance to learn Korean at KLS (3 rd graders) Strong motivation & positive environment to learn HL at Pine Grove Elementary Learning how to respect heritage language and culture

VI. Conclusion L1 program in public school Collaborative effort between local KLS and public schools Educating Korean parents and public school teachers

Thank You