Systems Approach to a Foodservice Organization Chapter 1 Systems Approach to a Foodservice Organization

Open System Interdependency of parts, leading to integration and synergy Dynamic equilibrium Equifinality Permeable boundaries Interface of systems and subsystems Hierarchy of the system ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

A Foodservice Systems Model ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Commercial Segment Includes restaurants, lodging food and beverage, recreation and sports, and convenience stores. Sale of food primary activity Profit a goal ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Foodservice Feedback Foodservice managers must evaluate on a regular basis: Comments from customers Plate waste Patronage Profit and loss statements Employee performance and morale ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Limited-Service, Limited-Menu Provides limited number of food items to customers in relatively short period of time. Targets working professionals and parents. ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Full-Service Restaurants Provide waited table service for customers Casual Dining Restaurants Attract middle-income individuals Olive Garden, Red Lobster, Applebee’s, etc. Fine Dining Restaurants “white tablecloth” restaurants High meal prices ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Hotel and Motel Restaurants Longer hours of service Full-service hotels usually include a medium-priced, fine dining, and theme restaurant at one location Includes room service and bed-and-breakfast (B & B) ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Country Club Restaurants Includes snack bars, Sunday buffets, fine dining, informal grills, and buffet facilities Could be considered not-for-profit Member’s dues make cost of menu items lower than for-profit operations Small market (only 200-1,000 customers per club) ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Airport Restaurants Onboard foodservice Typically serve small snack (peanuts or pretzels) and beverage Include fast food, casual dining, or even local restaurants (contracted with the airport) Menus are limited due to smaller spaces Must cover all day and offer take-out ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Cruise Ship Dining No limit on choices or quantities of food Cost of food included in cruise package Must include special diets (low-salt, low-carb, kosher, and vegetarian). Some theme restaurants, such as Italian, Chinese, Japanese, or Southwestern, in addition to main dining Formal attire for dinner ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Zoos Looking for ways to increase revenue Brookfield Zoo (near Chicago) Full-service bar and tapas, averaging $9.00 Lincoln Park Zoo (Chicago) Restaurant chain and upscale food court Denver Zoo Contract with concessions company ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Sports Events Some stadiums have in-house catering, concession stands, sports bars, fine dining operations, or even micro-brew pubs In the stands, traditional fare such as hot dogs, popcorn, and beer Ballparks also serve deli sandwiches, pizza, fajitas, frozen yogurt, and cheesecake ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Convenience Stores Six convenience store formats: Kiosk – tobacco, beverages, snacks Mini – grocery selection is limited Limited Selection – broader product mix and grocery offerings Traditional – dairy, bakery, prepared foods Expanded – fast-food operations Hyper – bakery, sit-down restaurant, pharmacy ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

On-site Segment Provides meals primarily for those directly involved with the facility such as patients, students, prisoners, and employees. ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Hospitals Provide food for in-patients, out-patients, employees, and hospital visitors Brand names added to menus and street-side entrances for outside customers Food kiosks, retail bakers, and coffee carts are increasing in hospitals ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Schools National School Lunch Program (NSLP) Federally assisted meal program Nutritionally balanced, low-cost, or free lunches (payment based on family income) Four systems for menu planning Nutrient Standard Menu Planning Assisted Nutrient Standard Menu Planning Assisted Traditional Meal Pattern Food-Based Menu Pattern ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Colleges and Universities Use of debit card Increased use of food court concepts, c-stores, and delis Traditional board plans replaced with paying for only foods eaten each day Many offering extended hours and takeout or delivery ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Child Care Quantities that balance energy and nutrient intake with children’s small appetites Hospitals, colleges and universities, and corporations have child care facilities for students, faculty, and employees. Dietitians develop menus to meet federal and state nutritional requirements for licensed facilities ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Senior Care Nutrition Services Program for Older Americans Nutritious, low-cost meals to homebound persons and senior centers Home-delivered meals Volunteers deliver at lunchtime Recipients charged what they can afford ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Senior Care…Continued Independent living – people can take care of themselves Congregate care – community environment with meals and other services provided Assisted living – apartment-style with assistance in daily living activities Intermediate care – assistance needed but not significant nursing requirements Skilled nursing – 24-hour medical nursing care ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Military Foodservice options include national chains, convenience stores, and dining halls Dining areas have smaller tables and booths rather than long mess hall tables Nutrition is big trend in cafeterias and cash operations ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Correctional Facilities Tight budgets - < $2 per inmate per day Many facilities have self-serve salad, pasta, and dessert bars Serve favorites such as pizza, chicken nuggets, and homemade baked goods Must meet dietary guidelines and be approved by registered dietitians ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Employee Feeding Employees self-serve from stations salad, soup, pasta bars, grilled and deli sandwiches, entrée of the day, and dessert and beverage station Development of both full-menu units and limited-menu carts and kiosks Objective is to keep employees in building for shorter lunch periods ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Foodservice Industry Operating Practices Economics, technology, demographics, politics, and competition impact foodservice operations Eating no longer divided in two areas of home and foodservice operators Increasing numbers eating away from home; many have never cooked a meal from basic ingredients ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Foodservice Industry Operating Practices Partnerships to provide new cost-effective and value-added services Distributors expand to include pre-preparation, menu development, signature products, customer tracking, and frequent delivery Manufacturers developing packaging and presentation technology Brokers focus on meal solutions On-site foodservice operators serve variety of customers, maximize facilities, lease off-hours, develop new menu items ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Self-operation Managed by employee of company Manager has full responsibility and authority within department ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Partnering Establishes mutual goals and objectives Builds trust and encourages open communication Helps eliminate surprises Enables two parties to anticipate and resolve problems ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Partnering…Continued Avoids disputes through informal conflict management procedures Improves morale and promotes professionalism in workforce Generates harmonious business relations Focuses on mutual interest of two parties ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Contracting Agreement between two or more persons Contractor must educate on company functions and operations Employees make transition Director serves as liaison Funds may be needed for upgrading ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Franchising Right granted to individual or group to market company’s concepts Solves biggest expansion problems – people and money Built on solid concept that is unique Concept must be market tested Support services must be provided by franchisee Computerization of franchise system is required ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

Multidepartment Management Many reasons for multidepartment management Professional development, value to employer, higher position within organization, job security, and survival Management is emphasized and area of expertise is secondary ©2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458