Chapter 7: Membrane Structure and Function

Essential Knowledge 2.b.1 – Cell membranes are selectively permeable due to their structure (7.1 & 7.2). 2.b.2 – Growth and dynamic homeostasis are maintained by the constant movement of molecules across membranes (7.3-7.5).

Plasma Membrane The membrane at the boundary of every cell Functions as a selective barrier for the passage of materials in and out of cells. Called a semi-permeable membrane (regulates crossing of materials)

Membrane Composition Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Most numerous Phospholipids and cholesterol Proteins Very large (in size) Peripheral and integral Carbohydrates

Historical Cell Membrane Models

Davson-Danielli Model 1935 Lipid bilayer Proteins coat the surfaces Sometimes called the “sandwich” model Evidence: Biochemical work TEM pictures showed double line Accepted until 1960s

Problems w/ Davson model Not all membranes in a cell were the same How could the proteins stay in place? Protein placement was confusing Result - the model was questioned and tested by scientific process

Fluid Mosaic Model 1972 Current/New model to fit the new evidence Example of “Science as a Process” Refers to the way the lipids and proteins behave in a membrane

“Fluid” Refers to the lipid bilayer Molecules are not bonded together, so are free to shift. Must remain "fluid" for membranes to function. Fluid = dynamic, changing Cell membrane will remain fluid until temperature drops to extreme levels

Ways to keep the membrane “fluid” Lipid changes or shifts: Plants: Cold hardening (shift to unsaturated fatty acids – remember unsaturated fats are kinked in shape) Animals: Hibernating - Cholesterol amount increases – eat more fatty foods right BEFORE they hibernate

Sat = NO double bonds Unsat = double bonds

“Mosaic” Proteins: float in a sea of lipids Proteins form a collage or mosaic pattern that shifts over time

Evidence for fluid-mosaic TEM pictures of fractured membranes Cell fusion studies Tagging of membrane proteins by antibodies

MEMORIZE THIS!!!

Protein Function in Membranes Main function: Determine cell’s specific function Other functions: Transport Enzymatic activity Receptor sites for signals (hormones) Cell adhesion Cell-cell recognition (immunity) Attachment to the cytoskeleton (cilia and flagella)

2 types of transport: Channel Carrier

Types of Membrane Proteins 1) Integral Inserted into the lipid bilayer Go through ENTIRE bilayer 2) Peripheral Not embedded in the lipid bilayer Attached to the membrane surface

Question? How do the integral proteins stick to the membrane? By the solubility of their amino acids Protein folding/structure type

Hydrophilic Amino Acids Hydrophobic Amino Acids Hydrophilic Amino Acids

Membranes are Bifacial The lipid composition of the two layers is different The proteins have specific orientations. Carbohydrates are found only on the outer surface

Membrane Carbohydrates Branched oligosaccharides form glycolipids and glycoproteins on external surface Glyco = carbohydrate Made from modification of existing cellular molecules Glycolipids = Lipids+carbohydrates Glycoproteins = Proteins + carbohydrates Function: recognition of "self" vs "other”

1 2 2 3 3 3 4 Carbohydrates

Questions How do materials get across a cell's membrane? Do they use energy/no energy? Do the molecules move against/with concentration gradient? REMEMBER: Cell membrane is regulatory membrane (semi-permeable)

Problems with using cell membrane to move materials 1) Lipid bilayer is hydrophobic Hydrophilic materials don't cross easily Ex: ions, H2O, polar molecules Hydrophobic materials will cross easily Ex: CO2, O2, hydrocarbons 2) Large molecules don't cross easily Too big to get through the membrane (without assistance or through the use of energy) Proteins play HUGE role in getting certain molecules across (hydrophilic)

Two Mechanisms for Movement 1. Passive Transport Active Transport * Both involve concentration gradients (movement of molecules from areas of high/low concentrations)

Passive Transport Movement across membranes that does NOT require cellular energy Types: Diffusion Osmosis Facilitated Diffusion

Diffusion The net movement of atoms, ions or molecules down a concentration gradient Ex: smells crossing room Movement is from: High Low Diffusion movie

Equilibrium When the concentration is equal on both sides There is no net movement of materials Molecules are constantly in motion (don’t stop moving!) However, CONCENTRATION STAYS THE SAME!!!

Factors that Affect Diffusion Concentration a) Of solute or solvent/s 2. Temperature 3. Pressure Particle size Smaller size = quicker movement Mixing a) More = faster diffusion

Osmosis Diffusion of water Water moving from an area of its high concentration to an area of its low concentration. No cell energy is used Passive transport Relies upon tonicity of solutions (both internally and externally)

Tonicity The concentration of water relative to a cell. 1. Isotonic (same) 2. Hypotonic (below) a) The hypotonic solution has a solute concentration BELOW that of the cell 3. Hypertonic (above) Tonicity Tutorial

Isotonic Isosmotic solution Cell and water/solution are equal in solute concentration No net movement of water in or out of the cell Water still MOVES, but concentration of solutes stays the same!!! RESULT: No change in cell size Ex: Marine mammals

Hypotonic Hypoosmotic solution Cell's water is lower than the outside water (more solutes) Water moves into the cell RESULT: Cell swells, may burst or the cell is turgid Ex: place raisin in water (raisin will swell, because water rushes in to attempt to EQUAL out concentrations of solutes and water) Ex: place egg in vinegar/water solution

Hypertonic Hyperosmotic solution Cell's water is higher inside than the outside water (less solutes) Water moves out of the cell RESULT: Cell shrinks or plasmolysis occurs Ex: Placing RBC in salt solution (RBC shrivels to attempt to push water out of cell to = solute concentrations) Ex: Placing egg in corn syrup Ex: onion cell w/ salt solution added Osmosis movie

Facilitated Diffusion Transport protein that helps materials through the cell membrane Polar molecules and ions USE this!!! Doesn't require energy (ATP) Still passive transport Works on a downhill concentration gradient Facilitated Diff movie

Channel proteins Carrier proteins

Active Transport Movement across membranes that DOES require cellular energy Uses ALL carrier proteins Allows cells to differ in solute concentration Why? Important in Ps, Rs and hormones Types: Carrier-mediated Endocytosis Exocytosis

Key terms for Active Transport Membrane potential: Voltage across membrane (opposite charges and concentration of them) – likelihood charges will pass across the membrane Electrochemical gradient: Electro – change in charge Chemical – change in concentration

Carrier-Mediated Transport General term for the active transport of materials into cells AGAINST the concentration gradient Movement is: low high Examples: Na+ - K+ pump Electrogenic/H+ pump Cotransport

Na+- K+ pump Moves Na+ ions out of cells while moving K+ ions in Occurs in animals Sodium ions increase outside cell while potassium ions increase inside cell

Electrogenic or H+ pumps Also called Proton pumps. Create voltages (change of charge) across membranes for other cell processes Ps and Rs Used by plants, fungi and bacteria. Transports H+ OUT of cell This change in charge (or change in voltage) allows for storage of ATP Used in later rxns

Cotransport Movement of H+ that allows other materials to be transported into the cell as the H+ diffuses back across the cell membrane Example - Sucrose transport This is how plants transport food/sugar to non-photosynthetic organs (like the roots)

Outside cell Inside cell

Exocytosis Moves bulk material out of cells Uses Golgi vesicles to do this Example: Secretion of enzymes Hormone movement Secretion of insulin by pancreas

Endocytosis Moves bulk materials into cells Types of Endocytosis: Cell forms new transport vesicles (from parts of cell membrane) Types of Endocytosis: 1. Pinocytosis – move liquids 2. Phagocytosis – move solids 3. Receptor Mediated - uses receptors to "catch" specific kinds of molecules.

Summary Recognize the Davson-Danielli model of cell membranes. Identify the components and structure of the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes. Identify methods that keep cell membranes fluid. Identify methods that cells use for transporting small molecules across membranes. Recognize the conditions that regulate osmosis and tonicity in cells. Identify methods that cells use for transporting large molecules across membranes. Be able to solve problems in osmosis – pgs. 140 and 141 #1-6