Biology Unit Exam Review

Scientific Method

Steps of Sci Method: ProblemHypothesis Testing Hypothesis (procedure) Record Data (# or details) Analyze and Form Conclusions Replicate Work

Variables Controlled Experiment: Two groups differ by one factor; control is present Control vs Experimental Group: Experimental group has something changed (i.e. amount of light, etc)

Variables Independent Variables: Changed by scientist to see what happens Dependent Variable: Changes in response to the change the scientist makes to the independent variable.

Seven characteristics of living things Respond to stimuli Respond to stimuli Uses energy- metabolism Uses energy- metabolism Maintains homeostasis Maintains homeostasis Made up of one or more cells Made up of one or more cells Reproduces, contains hereditary information Reproduces, contains hereditary information Growth and development Growth and development Evolves Evolves

Chemistry

Covalent Bonds Bond formed by sharing electrons

Ionic Bond Bond that forms by transferring the electrons; can create an electrical attraction

Elements, Compound, Mixture Elements: substance made up of one kind of atom (i.e. oxygen) Compound: made up of two or more elements (i.e. water) Mixture: substances that are mixed without forming a new chemical bond (i.e. saltwater)

2H 2 O + O H 2 O 2 Atoms= hydrogen, oxygen Reactants: 2H 2 O + O 2 Products: 2H 2 O 2 Atoms: 8 Hydrogen, 8 Oxygen

pH Scale pH runs from 1-14 pH runs from is neutral 7 is neutral Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Below 7  acidic (with 1 being more acidic) Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic Above 7  basic with 14 being most basic

pH Scale The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH stands for powers of hydrogen. The pH scale measures the amount of hydrogen ions in a solution. pH stands for powers of hydrogen.

Neutralization Reaction Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt Reaction that occurs when acids and bases are combined to form water and salt EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O EX: NaOH + HCl----NaCl + H2O

Solution & Its Parts Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture Substances are spread evenly throughout the mixture EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 EX: Air- comprised of N, O, CO2 Two parts: Two parts: a. Solvent: substance that a solute is dissolved in b. Solutes: substance that is dissolved in a solvent

Biochemistry

Organic Compounds Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism Compounds that contain carbon and occur naturally only in the bodies and products of an organism

Monomers Carbs: sugar Carbs: sugar Proteins: amino acids Proteins: amino acids Nucleic Acid: nucleotide Nucleic Acid: nucleotide

Parts of a lipid 3 fatty acids and glycerol 3 fatty acids and glycerol

Classify: A. carb A. carb B. carb B. carb C. Lipids C. Lipids D. Lipids D. Lipids E. Lipids E. Lipids F. Nucleic Acids F. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids G. Nucleic Acids H. Proteins H. Proteins I-K. Carb I-K. Carb Disaccaharide: Disaccaharide: 2 sugars (maltose) Polypeptide: Polypeptide: 2+ amino acids connected by peptide bonds

Polar vs. Nonpolar Water is polar Water is polar Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Polar molecule: a molecule that has a partial positive and partial negative charge Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not. Only polar substances will dissolve in water; non polar will not.

Enzymes 13. Proteins that are necessary for life 14. It is a catalyst, which causes a reaction to occur 15.pH, temperature affect enzymes 17. Area where substrate binds

Cell Theory 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 1. All living things are composed of one or more cells 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 2. Cells are organisms’ basic units of structure and function 3. Cells come only from existing cells 3. Cells come only from existing cells

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Prokaryotes: Lack any internal membrane bound structures (most organelles) and nucleus Ex: bacteria Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals Eukaryotes: have nucleus; plants & animals

Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid because: Fluid because: the phospholipid and protein molecules are able to move around not stuck in one place and the phospholipid and protein molecules are able to move around not stuck in one place and Mosaic because: Mosaic because: The membrane contains a variety of proteins embedded within the phospholipid. The membrane contains a variety of proteins embedded within the phospholipid.

Phospholipid Bilayer

Permeable Permeable membrane – allows everything to pass through Permeable membrane – allows everything to pass through (selectively)Semi-permeable – only allows some things to pass through (selectively)Semi-permeable – only allows some things to pass through Impermeable – does not allow anything to pass Impermeable – does not allow anything to pass

Organization Cells to tissue Tissue to organs Organs to organ system Organ system to organism

Active vs. Passive Active Active Energy Required Energy Required Moves from low concentration to high concentration Moves from low concentration to high concentration Passive Passive No energy required Moves from high concentration to low concentration

Diffusion Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration Passive Transport Passive Transport

Diffusion

Concentration Gradient Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration Occurs when there is a difference between high and low concentration

Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration Passive Passive

Plasmolysis vs. Cytolysis Plasmolysis: shrinking of cytoplasm (result of hypertonic solution) Cytolysis: cell explodes due to hypotonic solution

Endocytosis Transporting material into cell by vesicle Transporting material into cell by vesicleEX: Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Pinocytosis: small liquids are taken into cell by vesicle Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles Phagocytosis: solid particles ingested into cell by vesicles

Exocytosis Transporting material out of cell by vesicle Transporting material out of cell by vesicle

Type of Solution Where is there more solute Where is there more solvent (water) What direction does water move What happens to the cell HypotonicInside cellOutside cellInsideCytolysis (explode) HypertonicOutside cellInside cellOutsidePlasmolysis (shrink) IsotonicEqual ConstantNothin

Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

IV. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration 1. What is photosynthesis? The process of capturing energy of sunlight and transforming it into chemical energy. a.Where in the cell does it take place? Chloroplast

b. What are the reactants and products? Write the overall equation for photosynthesis. The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: The overall chemical reaction involved in photosynthesis is: 6CO2 + 6H2O (+ light energy)  C6H12O6 + 6O2. In simple terms, we can say it the following way In simple terms, we can say it the following way Carbon Dioxide + Water (+ sun energy)  Glucose + Oxygen Reactants: Carbon dioxide, water, energy Products: Glucose, oxygen

2. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs: Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food Organisms that make their own food EX: green plants, algae EX: green plants, algae Heterotrophs: Heterotrophs: Organisms that cannot make their own food and must depend on other plants or animals as food source Organisms that cannot make their own food and must depend on other plants or animals as food source

3. What is aerobic cellular respiration? Where in the cell does it take place? Aerobic Respiration: Aerobic Respiration: Occurs in presence of oxygen Occurs in presence of oxygen Occurs in the mitochondria Occurs in the mitochondria Yields about 36 ATP Yields about 36 ATP

4. How is aerobic respiration different from anaerobic cellular respiration? Anaerobic Respiration: Anaerobic Respiration: Occurs without oxygen Occurs without oxygen Occurs in the cytoplasm Occurs in the cytoplasm Yields 2 ATP Yields 2 ATP

5. What is another name for anaerobic respiration? Fermentation Fermentation