Cells & Cell Organelles Structure & Function

A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES Image from: http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html A CELL is . . . made of MOLECULES ATOMS MOLECULES ORGANELLES _______  ___________ ___________

CELL THEORY 1. All living things are made of _____________. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure & function in an organism (= basic unit of __________) 3. New cells are produced from _________________ cells CELL SIZE Comparison of cell sizes: Cells life existing PLANT ANIMAL BACTERIA ___________ cells > _________ cells > _____________

CELL MEMBRANE (also called plasma membrane) Cell membranes are made mainly of ________________ & __________________ PHOSPHOLIPIDS PROTEINS Outside of cell Inside (cytoplasm) Cell membrane Proteins Protein channel Lipid bilayer Carbohydrate chains Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) phospholipids proteins Made mainly of ____________________ and _________________ HYDROPHOBIC “tails” of phospholipids make molecules line up as LIPID ________________ with POLAR heads facing _______ & NON-POLAR tails facing ________ Proteins attached to surface (inside or outside)= _____________ Proteins stuck into membrane = ______________ (can go part way in or all the way through) BILAYER out in Peripheral Integral OTHER MOLECULES: GLYCOPROTEINS proteins with ___________attached; allow cells to recognize “self” STEROIDS (lipids) sugars SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE Membranes are ____________________________________ (=Semi-permeable) Allow certain molecules to pass through; but keep others out cytoplasm __________________ = gel-like material + organelles between nucleus and cell membrane

LIPID TAILS ARE HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  HYDROPHOBIC  Image by Riedell

WHAT DOES IT DO? Acts as a boundary Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cellmembrane.html http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm Acts as a boundary Controls what enters and leaves cell

Cell membranes MOVE! Molecules in cell membranes are Animation from: http://www.sp.uconn.edu/~terry/images/anim/fluidmem.gif Click here to See Fluidity Molecules in cell membranes are constantly moving and changing

CYTOPLASM (Between nucleus and cell membrane) Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/cytoplasm.html Organelles suspended in gel-like goo ORGANELLE- small structure with a specific function (job) Image from: http://faculty.stcc.cc.tn.us/jiwilliams/labprojectsmenu.htm

NUCLEUS Largest organelle in animal cells DOUBLE MEMBRANE Surrounded by NUCLEAR ENVELOPE (also called NUCLEAR MEMBRANE) DOUBLE MEMBRANE Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

NUCLEUS NUCLEAR PORES Openings to allow molecules to move in and out of nucleus Image from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookCELL2.html

WHAT DOES IT DO? Contains genetic material (DNA) DNA is scrunched up as CHROMOSOMES in dividing cells DNA is spread out as CHROMATIN in non-dividing cells

WHAT DOES IT DO? Control center of cell Genetic code tells the Image from: Genetic code tells the cell’s parts what to do Image from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/12-dna.htm

NUCLEOLUS Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Image from: http://lifesci.rutgers.edu/~babiarz/histo/cell/nuc3L.jpg Dark spot in nucleus = __________ NUCLEOLUS Makes RNA for ribosomes

CYTOSKELETON Helps cell maintain shape Gives support Image from: http://anthro.palomar.edu/animal/default.htm CYTOSKELETON Made of PROTEINS: MICROFILAMENTS (Actin) & MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Helps cell maintain shape Gives support Help move organelles around Image from: © Pearson Education Inc, Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall; All rights reserved

CENTRIOLES Centrioles function during cell division in animal cells to pull chromosomes apart.

CENTRIOLES/MITOTIC SPINDLE Made of MICROTUBULES (Tubulin) Extend across the cell to attach to the chromosomes during cell division & pull them apart. Image from: http://www.coleharbourhigh.ednet.ns.ca/library/organelle_worksheet.htm

MITOCHONDRION (plural=MITOCHONDRIA) Look like “little sausages” Image from: http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/dfrankl/CURR/kin150/Images/mitochondria.jpg

MITOCHONDRIA Surrounded by a DOUBLE membrane Has its own DNA Folded inner membrane increases surface area for more chemical reactions Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/mitochondria.jpe

MITOCHONDRIA Come from cytoplasm in EGG You inherit your mitochondria from your mother! http://www.wappingersschools.org/RCK/staff/teacherhp/johnson/visualvocab/p14%5b1%5d.jpg

WHAT DOES IT DO? “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Images from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/mito.html http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html “Powerplant of cell” Burns glucose to release energy Stores energy as ATP Image by: Riedell

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM Network of hollow membrane tubules 2 KINDS: SMOOTH or ROUGH Image from: http://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_06/5_10B.GIF

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (Rough ER) Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) Has RIBOSOMES attached Proteins are made on ribosomes and inserted into Rough ER to be modified and transported Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/cells/ER.jpg

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from: http://www.science.siu.edu/plant-biology/PLB117/JPEGs%20CD/0073.JPG Has NO ribosomes attached Has enzymes for special tasks

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (smooth ER) Image from:http://www.accs.net/users/kriel/chapter%20eight/smooth%20er.gif Makes membrane lipids (steroids) Regulates calcium (muscle cells) Destroys toxic substances (Liver)

 RIBOSOMES Made of PROTEINS and RNA Protein factory for cell Join amino acids to make proteins  Image by: RIedell Image from: http://www.ust.hk/roundtable/hi-tech.series/1_b1.jpg

RIBOSOMES Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.biologyclass.net/endoplasmic.jpe Can be attached to Rough ER OR free in cytoplasm Image from: http://www.mccc.edu/~chorba/celldiagram.htm

GOLGI APPARATUS (BODY) Image from: http://www.rsbs.anu.edu Image from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/golgi.h Pancake like membrane stacks Modify, sort, & package molecules from ER for storage OR transport out of cell

Animation from: http://www.franklincollege.edu/bioweb/A&Pfiles/week04.html See a Golgi movie

It’s ALL connected!

LYSOSOMES Digest food, unwanted molecules, Animation from: http://vilenski.org/science/safari/cellstructure/lysosomes.html Membrane bound sacs that contain PROTEINS called digestive enzymes Digest food, unwanted molecules, old organelles, cells, bacteria, etc

LYSOSOMES See lysosomes in action: Image modified from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

LYSOSOMES Image from: http://www.people.virginia.edu/~rjh9u/lysosome.html

“PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH” = ______________________ APOPTOSIS Lysosomes help digest unwanted cells http://www.mgm.ufl.edu/images/bharfe/image3.jpg http://research.yale.edu/ysm/images/78.3/articles-apoptosis-cells.jpg

Apoptosis plays a role in: Embryonic development Normal body cell maintenance Immune system responses Cancer AIDS infection Transplant rejection http://www.cellsalive.com/apop.htm

FLAGELLA & CILIA Works in cell movement Made of PROTEINS called MICROTUBULES (9 + 2 arrangement) Works in cell movement http://www.stchs.org/science/courses/sbioa/metenergy/flagella.jpg

CILIA Move cell itself Move substances past cells Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm http://www.sk.lung.ca/content.cfm?edit_realword=hwbreathe

CILIA FLAGELLA HOW ARE THEY DIFFERENT? Many short Few Long Animation from: http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm Few Long

WHAT’S SPECIAL ABOUT PLANT CELLS? Cell wall HUGE vacuoles Chloroplasts No centrioles

CELL WALL Supports and protects cell Is found outside of cell membrane Made of carbohydrates & proteins Plant cell walls are mainly of cellulose Bacterial cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (ppg) http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~acarpi/NSC/13-cells.htm

VACUOLES Storage space Image from: http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/plant_cell.gif Storage space

VACUOLES Storage space for: ________________________ ________________ Proteins (enzymes), carbohydrates, water, salts & waste Huge in __________cells , small in _____________ cells, No vacuoles in ____________ plant animal bacteria Contractile vacuoles control excess water in cells (HOMEOSTASIS) http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/imgjun99/vidjun1.gif

CHLOROPLAST Surrounded by ____________ membrane Has own ________ _____________ =membrane sacs inside Contain CHLOROPHYLL where _______________________ happens Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose) FOUND ONLY IN _____________ CELLS DOUBLE DNA THYLAKOIDS PHOTOSYNTHESIS PLANT http://stallion.abac.peachnet.edu/sm/kmccrae/BIOL2050/Ch1-13/JpegArt1-13/04jpeg/04-28_chloroplasts_1.jpg

WHAT’S DIFFERENT ABOUT BACTERIAL CELLS? Cell wall NO NUCLEAR MEMBRANE DNA is circular No membrane bound organelles http://www.eurekascience.com/ICanDoThat/bacteria_cells.htm

BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES No membrane bound organelles Organelles with membranes BACTERIA are PROKARYOTES PLANTS & ANIMALS are EUKARYOTES

USE WORDS FROM THE WORD BANKS TO COMPLETE THE VENN DIAGRAM COMPARISON