Personality

Gordon Alport defined personality as the; “Dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustment to the environment”

Personality = temperament + character + intelligence

Basic functions of personality are : to feel, to think, and to perceive, and to incorporate these into purposeful behaviors.

Regarding BEHAVIOUR: Temperament HOW Character WHAT WHY

Four major temperament traits have been identified: Harm avoidance دوری از خطر Novelty seeking تنوع طلبی Reward dependence وابستگی به نظر دیگران Persistence مداومت

Ancient four temperaments: Melancholic (harm avoidance), Choleric (novelty seeking), Sanguine (reward dependence), and Phlegmatic (persistence).

Character

Self – directedness Cooperativeness Self - transcendence

DSMIV-TR defines personality disorders as: An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual`s culture.

Personality disorder is manifested in two (or more) of the following areas: 1.Cognition (i.e. ways of perceiving and interpreting self, other people, and events) 2.Affectivity (i.e.the range, intensity, liability and appropriateness of emotional response) 3.Interpersonal functioning 4.Impulse control

The pattern is stable and of long duration and its onset can be traced back at least to adolescence or early adulthood.

It is inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations and leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning.

Cluster A (detachment,  reward dependence) Schizoid Paranoid schizotypal

Cluster B (impulsivity,  novelty seeking) Borderline Antisocial Histrionic Narcissistic

Cluster C (fearfulness,  harm avoidance) Avoidant Dependent Obsessive - compulsive

Personality disorders are ego-syntonic and Alloplastic

Schizoid p.d Social detachment and restricted range of expressed emotions

Men> Women 7.5% of general population may progress to delusional disorder or schizophrenia

Paranoid p.d Excessive suspiciousness and distrust of others Men > Women % in general population may progress to delusional disorder

Schizotypal p.d. Social and interpersonal deficit plus cognitive and perceptual disturbances and eccentric behavior

Sex. Ratio is unknown 3 percent of gen.pop May progress to schizophrenia, delusional disorder, brief psychotic disorder

Borderline p.d Instability of affects, self – image, interpersonal relationships + marked impulsiveness Female > male 2 percent of g.p. are at increased risk M.D.D, substance abuse and eating disorder

Antisocial p.d Disregard for and violation of rights of others Male > Female 1-3 percent of g.p.

Narcissistic p.d Sense of grandiosity, need for admiration lack of empathy, chronic intense envy M>F 1% of g.p.

Histrionic p.d. Self – dramatization, excessive emotionality and attention seeking F>M 2-3% of g.p.

Avoidant p.d hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, social inhibition and feelings of inadequacy. F=M0.5-1 of g.p.

Dependent p.d Excessive need to be taken care, clinging behavior, submissiveness, fear of separation, interpersonal dependency. F=M most frequent of p.d.s

Obsessive – compulsive p.d. Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism mental and interpersonal control. M>F 1% of g.p.

Treatment: Psychotherapy pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy: Aggression Low dose antipsychotic Lithium SSRIS Auticonvulsants B-Blockers Emotional liability Lithium antipsychotics

Depression Antidepressants Emotional detachment Atipical antipsychotics Anxiety SSRIS MAOIS BZDs B-Blockers Low dose antipsychotics Psychotic symptoms Antipsychotics