Experience with AISSat-1 operations with emphasis on the Arctic Richard B. Olsen Norwegian Defence Research Establishment

AISSat-1 launch from India 03:52 UTC, 12 th July 2010 Placed into a 635 km Circular Polar Orbit 20 cm × 20 cm × 20 cm

The AIS System AIS is a marine anti-collision system Ships exchange data: Position, course, speed, identity ++ Mandatory for all SOLAS Class A vessels Quickly put to use as a coastal traffic monitoring system

AISSat-1 National demonstration of wide area maritime surveillance Goal: –1 year test and evaluation –2 years pilot service Project Leader: FFI Industry partners: Kongsberg Group University of Toronto Government partners: –Norwegian Space Centre – funding –Norwegian Coastal Administration – Data management and dissemination

The requirement 1: Regjeringens Nordområdestrategi Norwegian maritime jurisdiction: Territorial waters Exclusive Economic Zone Fisheries Protection Zone Svalbard Fiskeries Zone Jan Mayen > 2 million km 2

Radar satellites have been used operationally since 1998

AISSat-1 Mission Requirements and Approach Detect, identify and track vessels in the High North Record data globally Flexibility for test and research purposes 3 Years duration Low cost – implementation and operations –Micro space approach Small satellite – low complexity – industrial components Extensive testing of critical components Low technical and financial risk –Minimize supervised operations as much as possible

AISSat-1 Mission Architecture Svalsat NCA AISSat-1 AIS messages Commands & Data FFI Ground Station Mission ControlData center

AISSat-1 First Results, July 12, 2010 AIS data from AISSat-1 (Orange/Pink) added to AIS data from the Costal Network (Green)

AISSat-1 Post-launch Key Questions Performance? –Detection performance –Reliability Satellite Ground Segment –Capacity Power Data downlink Performance factors? –Antenna pointing –Noise and Interference Operations concept? –Tasking priorities –System monitoring and maintenance Utility? Integrity? Improvements?

First indication – Arctic: Do we “see” the same ships on every consecutive pass?

Traffic patterns in the High North 2 Weeks of data

Real-time (RT) coverage area (1 year of data)

Performance varies with different pass directions

Continuous operations and global coverage September 2011

Continuous operations and global coverage March 2012

Global Detection Performance – AISSat-1

Tracking a single vessel

Use of satellite AIS data Following crossing of the North East Passage Tracking capability also depends on transmitted signal levels

Distribution of transmitted frequency offsets (Hz) for approximately 1000 vessels Histogram of transmitted signal strengths (dBm) for approximately 1000 vessels

Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated fishing in a global perspective

Integrity Checking and Tracking

Towards operational implementation

FFI’s Mission Control Centre ”Micro-Houston”

AISSat-1 MCC

Payload operations planning

User feedback Primary geographic area Secondary geographic area Desired improvements and development Norwegian Rescue Coordination Centres Norwegian Sea Barents Sea Global -More frequent coverage/shorter update intervals up to continuous real time -Tasking ability Governor of SvalbardSvalbard- -Stability of operations -More frequent coverage/shorter update intervals The Norwegian Fisheries Directorate Barents Sea Norwegian Sea Atlantic -Stability of operations and reduced risk of dropouts -More frequent coverage/shorter update intervals -Increased data collection and analysis from other (Southern Europe, Africa) Norwegian Defence Joint Headquarters Barents Sea Norwegian Sea North Sea Arctic Gulf of Aden Libya USA North East Passage -More frequent coverage/shorter update intervals up to continuous real time -Fused tracks combining AIS and satellite radar

AISSat Status AISSat-1 has been 31 months in orbit Observes approx vessels globally every 24 hours –More than unique vessels in total Data supplied to operational users from day 1 Availability (2012): –Satellite: >97% –System: > 95% –MTBF: 24 days –Typical recovery time: 6 hours

AISSat-1 Orbit Drift and Decay Between: and Average altitude:

AISSat Status Budget :28 MNOK –Development, Build, Launch –Ground Segment (Svalbard, MCC) –Operations AISSat-2:14 MNOK –Build & Launch (mid 2013) –Includes software upgrades for both satellites to: House keeping Computer Payload Data Handling Computer Attitude Control Computer

NORAIS: Spin-off on the International Space Station

NORAIS Norwegian AIS receiver on Columbus/ ISS FFI Kongsberg Seatex N-USOC (Trondheim) ESA NASA Test bed for decoder development 3 upgrades completed Up to double detection performance in “High Traffic Zones” Corresponding upgrade to AISSat-1 is planned April/May

Support to NATO - Ocean Shield

Kongsberg Seatex ASR-200 Industrial spin-off

Acknowledgements Analyses and reporting were carried out by: Øystein Helleren Øystein Olsen Andreas Nordmo Skauen Torkild Eriksen Bjørn Narheim and The Norwegian Coastal Administration

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