Models vs. Reality dr.ir. B.F. van Dongen Assistant Professor Eindhoven University of Technology

Process Mining Discovering processes How do people behave? Compliance oriented Where and why do people deviate from standards / rules / regulations? Performance oriented Where are bottlenecks in my processes?

Aligning models to Observed Behavior

Introduction: Alignments Alignments are used for conformance checking Alignments are computed over a trace and a model: −A trace is a (partial) order of activities −A model is a labeled Petri labeled with activities An alignment explains exactly where deviations occur: −A synchronous move mean that an activity is in the log and a corresponding transition was enabled in the model −A log move means that no corresponding activity is found in the model −A model move means that no corresponding activity appeared in the log

Example model: ABDE … … log

Logged “A” aligns nicely to model model: ABDE … … log A A

Logged “B” aligns nicely to model model: ABDE … … log A A B B

Logged “D” does not fit the model model: ABDE … … log A A B BD

“C” was probably executed, but was not logged model: ABDE … … log A A B BD C

Logged “E” aligns nicely to model model: ABDE … … log A A B BD C E E

Alignment shows where deviations occurred model: ABDE … … log A A B BD C E E Alignment: The best way to fit the trace in the model Alignment: The best way to fit the trace in the model

Alignments Alignments specify exactly where deviations occurred when comparing logs to models Alignments can be used for: Fitness/precision computations Performance analysis Model repair... Compliance analysis

Use of alignment techniques in compliance 13 elicit compliance rules formalize compliance rules compliance checking and analysis implement compliance measures compliance improvement ?

Automated compliance checking business process compliance requirement diagnostic information compliance specification compliance checker

Automated compliance checking business process compliance requirement diagnostic information compliance checker Log compliance Petri net pattern alignment A B F F B Ƭ

Specifying Compliance Rules compliance specifier compliance checker rule repository Which compliance pattern? precise Petri net pattern How to prune the Petri net pattern? Log

Elicit Compliance RuleProM6 ( X-ray Patient registration others Patient registration X-Ray Patient registration Compliance Checking Using Conformance Checking Implementation

Conclusions Alignments provide a powerful method to explain where operational processes deviated from models Using the right models, alignments can detect (and predict) possible violations of compliance rules Alignments provide guarantees on non-deviating cases

Future directions Current challenges: 1.Representation and extraction of multi-dimensional event data for deviation detection 2.Representation and management of deviations 3.Detection and diagnosis of deviations 4.Online, real time deviation prediction 5.Integration of prototypes applicable to high-volume data 6.Application on real-life cases

Questions