Section 1 Introduction to Drafting Chapter 1 Drafting and the Drafter Section 1 Introduction to Drafting

Objectives Define the role of drafting in industry. Explain the purpose of technical drawings. Describe how sketches are used to communicate ideas. List and describe the four steps in the design method. Explain the importance of models in industry. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Objectives Identify the types of careers available in drafting and related fields. Describe the educational background and skills required for careers in drafting and related fields. Describe the duties associated with different types of careers in drafting. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Drafting Permits ideas to be represented graphically. Facilitates production of technical drawing. Often described as “graphic language.” Serves key role in design, manufacturing, and construction. (Garmin International) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Drafting (Cont.) Same principles applied in manual drafting and CAD. Standard conventions and industry practices observed. Types of drawings vary by design application. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Types of Technical Drawings Sketches Mechanical drawings Sets of drawings Presentation drawings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Sketches Used to illustrate mental image of product. May be detailed or schematic. May promote collaboration with others. Often used to quickly communicate concept. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Mechanical Drawings More refined than sketches. Typically made using CAD. Used to represent definitive solution. Scale shown to indicate size and shape. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Mechanical Drawing (Autodesk, Inc.) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Set of Drawings Used to document complete product. Commonly used in manufacturing and construction. Includes production details. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Presentation Drawings Typically, combination of drawings and documentation. Pictorial drawings commonly used. Developed to highlight product and earn client approval. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Presentation Drawings (Cont.) (Image courtesy of SolidWorks Corporation) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technical Drawings Types developed depend on purpose. Patent applications Advertising Technical literature Maintenance and repair © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Problem Solving Essential skill for drafters and designers. Methods vary depending on problem type. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Types of Problems Well-structured problems Semi-structured problems Nonstructured problems © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Well-Structured Problems Generally associated with only one solution. Typically require convergent thinking. Solution may be derived from algorithms. Ability to solve builds solving ability for other problems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Semi-Structured Problems Involve greater complexity. May have more than one solution. Solved by heuristics. May involve study of manufacturing processes and costs. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Nonstructured Problems Best solution among several identified. Divergent thinking often applied. Input from designers and engineers typical. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Design Method Widely used by engineers and designer/drafters. Involves systematic procedure to produce design. (NASA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Steps in the Design Method Problem definition Preliminary solutions Preliminary solution refinement Decision and implementation © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Problem Definition Problem statement clarified. Problem requirements specified. Limitations outlined. Related questions addressed in research. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Preliminary Solutions Creative thinking required. May involve group work and brainstorming. Step should yield as many solutions as possible. Experience and knowledge greatly affect results. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Preliminary Solution Refinement Best solutions combined. Sketches made for further evaluation. Three or four solutions selected for final consideration. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Decision and Implementation Ratings developed to compare solutions. Top-rated solution implemented. Working drawings and model developed. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Design Solution (Ford) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Models Made to facilitate communication between personnel. Advantages include improved visualization. Used extensively in product presentation and promotion. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Types of Models Scale model Mockup Prototype © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Scale Models Made to reduced or enlarged scale. Constructed by modelmakers. Made from standard modeling materials. (NASA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Virtual Reality Involves use of special equipment and operations. Commonly used in medical testing and space exploration. (NASA) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Stereolithography Used to make design prototypes. Applies CAD-generated design data. Plastic models produced for evaluation. Process similar to CNC machine operation. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Careers in Drafting Many opportunities available. Same fundamental skills and procedures involved in each discipline. College training encouraged. Degree not required for drafting-specific job titles. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Careers in Drafting (Cont.) Drafting trainee Detail drafter Layout drafter Design drafter Checker Technical illustrator © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Drafting Trainee Basic drafting skills required. Work supervised by senior personnel. Revisions and development of working drawings typical. Core courses and CAD training recommended. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Detail Drafter Must possess strong drafting fundamentals. Usually works as detailer. Makes drawings for manufacturing or construction. Must know standards, calculations, and design procedures. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Layout Drafter Develops drawings to prove out design. Works with sketches and models. Must understand machining processes and material types. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Design Drafter Represents highest-level drafter. Prepares detail and assembly drawings. Must understand engineering procedures and shop practices. Usually supervises other drafters. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Checker Reviews and approves drawings. Must understand manufacturing processes and drafting standards. May suggest changes for production purposes. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technical Illustrator Draws parts and assemblies pictorially. Must possess strong drafting and visual skills. Makes drawings that help others interpret designs. Must be artistic and familiar with industrial design. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Technical Illustration Used to clarify design and construction. Cutaways typically developed. (Ford) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Careers Related to Drafting College education and advanced CAD skills typically required. Architect Industrial designer Engineer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Architect Designs and supervises building projects. Typically specializes in given construction application. Works from client needs. College and CAD training usually required. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Architect (Cont.) Develops series of drawings throughout project. Preliminary plans Sketches Finished drawings Presentation renderings (Autodesk, Inc.) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Architecture Specializations City planning Landscape architecture Residential construction Commercial construction © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Industrial Designer Specializes in product design or mechanical design. Must understand problem-solving methods. Often works with team of professionals. Must be well-versed in mathematics and science. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Product Design Creative design solutions. Solutions for living or working needs. (SEATCASE, Inc.) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Engineer Develops practical problem solutions. Often specializes in specific design area. Must understand computers, science, and mathematics. Often works with other members of design team. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Engineering Specializations Aerospace engineer Agricultural engineer Ceramic engineer Chemical engineer Civil engineer Electrical engineer Industrial engineer Mechanical engineer Metallurgical engineer Nuclear engineer Petroleum engineer © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Aerospace Engineering Typically involves specialization in one area. Aerodynamics Propulsion systems Structures Instrumentation Manufacturing © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Civil Engineering Involves design of major construction projects. Roads Airports Water systems Dams Bridges (Panama Canal Commission) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Electrical Engineering Involves work in three specialization areas. Electrical power Electronics Computer engineering (Baldor) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Industrial Engineering Involves design and operation of manufacturing systems. Engineering solutions for improved processes. Working with engineers in other fields. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Mechanical Engineering Involves design of mechanical devices and parts. Machinery Vehicles Manufacturing facilities (Jack Klasey) © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Metallurgical Engineering Typically involves specialization in one area. Mining and extraction Refining Welding © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 1. Drafting is the process of creating _____. A. scale models B. technical drawings C. algorithms D. prototypes B. technical drawings © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 2. _____ problems generally have only one correct answer and are solved through convergent thinking. Well-structured © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 3. When applying the design method, in which step are sketches made? A. Problem definition B. Decision and implementation C. Preliminary solution refinement D. Sketches are made in each step. C. Preliminary solution refinement © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 4. A(n) _____ is a full-size operating model of an actual object. A. scale model B. surface model C. mockup D. prototype D. prototype © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 5. _____ is a prototyping process in which plastic models are produced for evaluation. A. Virtual reality B. Stereolithography C. Technical illustration D. Brainstorming B. Stereolithography © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 6. A _____ is considered to have the highest level of drafting skill. A. design drafter B. drafting trainee C. layout drafter D. detail drafter A. design drafter © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 7. Which member of a design firm is most likely to have a college degree? A. Checker B. Architect C. Technical illustrator D. Detail drafter B. Architect © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 8. The two career areas in industrial design are product design and _____ design. mechanical © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Review Questions 9. _____ engineers design major construction projects such as transportation systems. A. Chemical B. Ceramic C. Metallurgical D. Civil D. Civil © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Aerospace engineer Agricultural engineer Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of conventional and experimental aircraft and aerospace vehicles. Agricultural engineer Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of farm machinery, farm structures, processing equipment, and control and conservation of water resources. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Algorithms Architect Mathematical equations useful in solving well-structured problems. Architect Person who plans, designs, and oversees the construction of residential, commercial, and industrial building projects. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Brainstorming Ceramic engineer A means of working with others to develop creative solutions to problems. Each person makes suggestions as they come to mind. Ceramic engineer Engineer concerned with the design and development of nonmetallic materials into useful products. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Chemical engineer Checker Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of processes and equipment that convert raw materials into useful products. Checker An experienced drafter who reviews drawings for accuracy, completeness, clarity, and manufacturing feasibility. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Civil engineer Design Engineer whose specialty is the design and development of transportation systems, as well as the design and construction of water systems, waste disposal systems, marine harbors, pipelines, buildings, dams, and bridges. Design The result of creative imagination that forms ideas as preliminary solutions to problems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Design drafter Design method A senior level drafter who does layout work and prepares complex drawings from basic data supplied by architects, engineers, or industrial designers. Design method A systematic procedure for approaching a design problem and arriving at a solution. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Detail drafter Detailer A person who is well-informed in the fundamentals of drafting, and has gained proficiency and speed in handling instruments or CAD software. Detailer Person who revises drawings and bills of material, prepares detail drawings, and works on simple assembly drawings, wiring or circuit diagrams, charts, and graphs. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Drafting Drafting trainee The process of creating technical drawings. Drafting trainee Person who works under the close supervision of senior drafting personnel. Typical duties include revising drawings, redrawing or repairing damaged drawings, and gathering information from reference sources needed to detail components. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Electrical engineer Heuristics Engineer who specializes in electrical power, electronics, or computer engineering. Heuristics Guidelines that usually lead to acceptable solutions. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Industrial designer Industrial engineer Designer who develops solutions to problems that involve esthetics, materials, manufacturing processes, human factors, and creativity. Industrial engineer Engineer concerned with the design, operation, and management of systems. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Landscape architecture Layout drafter The design of parks, golf courses, and other outdoor facilities. Layout drafter Person who proves out the product design, using sketches and models and a scaled layout drawing. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Mechanical drawings Mechanical engineer Drawings that show an idea or product in a more refined or improved state than sketches. Size, shape, and form have been developed to provide a scaled representation of the object. Mechanical engineer Engineer who specializes in the design and development of mechanical devices, such as machinery, automobiles, or jet engines. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Metallurgical engineer Mockup Model Engineer involved in the location, extraction, and refining of metals. Mockup A full-size model that simulates an actual machine or part. Model A three-dimensional scale replica, mockup, or prototype. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Nuclear engineer Petroleum engineer Engineer involved in research, design, and development in the field of nuclear energy. Petroleum engineer Engineer involved in the location and recovery of petroleum resources and the development and transportation of petroleum products. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Presentation drawings Problem Several drawings and other information combined together for the purpose of securing acceptance of a proposed product. Problem A situation, question, or matter requiring choices and action for a solution. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Problem solving Prototype The process of seeking practical solutions to a problem. Prototype A full-size operating model of the actual object. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Scale model Sketches A replica of the actual, or proposed object. It is made smaller or larger to show proper proportion, relative size of parts, and general overall appearance. Sketches Drawings, normally drawn freehand, that allow an idea to be communicated, manipulated, and refined. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Stereolithography Technical drawing Process that produces a hard plastic model that can be studied to determine whether changes need to be made to a part. Technical drawing A graphic representation of a real thing—an idea, an object, a process, or a system. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

Glossary Technical illustrator Virtual reality Person who prepares drawings, usually in pictorial form, to clarify designs and assembled objects. Virtual reality A very modern, experimental type of research that uses computer models and simulators in interactive operations. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.