Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Diversity in the Work Force: Lessons from the South Florida Case To: YALI – Washington Fellows by: Fiacre Bienvenu June 24, 2014

Outline 1.Dynamics of ethnic diversity and segregation in SF 2.Scholarly explanations 3.Issues for future 4.Discussion

3 Points to Ponder When does multiculturalism (ethnicity) enable conflict and when does it inhibit it? How does ethnic diversity in the U.S. compare to Africa? Can workplace be a good tool for managing diversity in Africa? How?

Conceptual disclaimer Definitional limitations: – Race, Ethnicity, Identity, Diversity Lend themselves to multiple interpretations and usage Substance varies in time and space Quid diversity?

Miami: Hyperdiverse or Hypersegregated?

Geo-locating Miami

Hyperdiversity: Elsewhere vs Miami At least 9.5% of the developed world population is foreign born (this is the average % of foreign-born stock for developed countries according to the United Nations) – Miami: 51% no one country of origin accounts for 25 percent or more of the immigrant stock; and immigrants come from all regions of the world.

Miami 2,496,435 Non- Hispanic African descent 425,650 19% Other Hispanic 31% “Anglo” 383,551 15% Cuban 860,000 35% < ,00 65% Haitian 120,000 AA Car 150,000 CA 212,542 SA 273,542 > ,000 35% Other 142,000

Hyperdiversity: Elsewhere vs Miami At least 9.5% of the developed world population is foreign born (this is the average % of foreign- born stock for developed countries according to the UN) – Miami: 51% no one country of origin accounts for 25 percent or more of the immigrant stock; and immigrants come from all regions of the world.

Hypersegregation in Miami High degree of spatial/geographical segregation (Massey/Denton, 1989) – Five dimensions: evenness, exposure, clustering, centralization, and concentration – Segregation in all five dimensions = hypersegregation The Black communities of Miami are hypersegregated but not the Hispanic communities

Three indices of segregation Dissimilarity index: spatial concentration of a group. A high value indicates that the two groups tend to live in different neighborhoods. Exposure Index: exposure to members of other groups. Isolation Index: degree that groups are isolated from each other. Higher number = more isolation. All indices use scale and higher the value signifies greater segregation.

Ethnic dissimilarity in Miami

Ethnic exposure in Miami

Ethnic isolation in Miami

Mutually exposed still separated?

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Behind this exception? What keeps the city moving on in spite of profound and isolating dissimilarities?

Factors subverting conflicts Hispanics are everywhere, not isolated from other Hispanics but from other people African Americans live in their own neighborhoods but see others at work Work sites are venues where commonalities and other work related conflicts are not visible: – Construction: – Restaurants: – Garment (& manufacturing):

Emerging macro theories Social capital (Putnam 1993, Fukuyama 2001, Tocqueville 1956): – Ability to converge for common goal – Differences/conflicts are rationalized Contact hypothesis (Allport 1954): – The more contact, the more chance to tolerate (or proximity effect). Social identity theory (MA Hogg 2006) in Psie: – If isolated, less likely you’ll get rid of isolationist thinking. Self-conception Bureaucracy (Barenberg 1994; Cheney 1995): – Creates an equal plainfield for all (perfunctory rules applying for all) – Workplace efficiently manages, maintains, and controls open conflicts with these macro social forces

Drawing Lessons for Africa

1. Can workplaces become conflict- mitigating venues in Africa? How and why? Group Work 2. Discuss ways in which ethnic diversity can become conducive for Africa’s progress? 3. Can increased intra-Africa migrations dissolve both internal and trans-national conflicts? How and why?

Revisiting Africa’s Identity Rich and complex Rich and complex – Imperial segmentation: Anglophones Anglophones Francophones Francophones Lusophones Lusophones Hispanophoes Hispanophoes – Indigenous segmentation Yoruba, Yoruba, Housas Housas Peuls Peuls Malinkes, Malinkes, Linguistic attributes: 1000s of Africas Linguistic attributes: 1000s of Africas Conclusion Conclusion – Is so far as ethnic groups remain pervasive in African societies, it poses a real threat to progress.

3 Points to Remember 1.Bureaucracy cannot work if the degree of conflicts is very high 2.The primary role of HR/workplace is ‘production’ 3.Bureaucracy role (in mitigating ethnic differences/conflict) is not the most important factor; it is a factor.

Is Diversity in the U.S. Challenge-free?

Questions?

Thank you!