Don’t worry, you’ll Like him, he’s a fungi!  Kingdom Fungi differ in form, size and color  Oldest fossils are million years old  Most grow best in moist, warm environments between 20-30°C  Most are multicellular (except yeasts)  Heterotrophic, Decomposers  Phylum is replaced with divisions ersity/crypfungi.html

Structure of a Fungi  Hyphae – threadlike filaments which develop from fungal spores  Hyphae elongate at their tips and branch extensively to form a network of filaments called a mycelium.  Mycelium – (many types) some anchor the fungus, others invade the food source, or function as a reproductive structure You should take care in eating wild mushrooms, they have evolved to be poisonous!

Plants versus Fungi  Like plants, they grow anchored in the soil and have cell walls.  Unlike plants, which have cell walls made of cellulose, fungi use a complex carbohydrate called chitin.  Chitin gives the fungal cell walls both strength and flexibility.

Fungal Feeding  There are 3 ways heterotrophic Fungi feed: –Saprophytes are decomposers and feed on waste or dead organic material. –Mutualists live in a symbiotic relationship with another organism like an alga. –Parasites absorb nutrients from the living cells of their hosts  Specialized hyphae called haustoria

Fungal Reproduction  One important criterion for classifying fungi into divisions is their patterns of reproduction  Fragmentation – pieces of hyphae broken off a mycelium grow into new mycelia.  Unicellular fungi (yeast) reproduce by asexual budding.  Most fungi produce spores: specialized mycelium called sporangium. –Protects the spores before being released and keeps them moist

Advantage of Spores  Protection from harm (sporangium)  Small & lightweight, can be dispersed by wind, water, animals –Wind can disperse a spore 100s of kilometers.  Produce a large number of spores at one time –A puffball 23 cm in circumference produces about 1 Trillion spores! –Greater survival in numbers  Fungi can produce 2 types of spores: –Mitosis (asexual phase) –Meiosis (sexual phase) ube.com/watch? v=iPO4Rry4m4U &feature=relate d

Common Molds  Members of Zygomycota  Called “Pin molds” or “sugar molds”  Attack breads & fruits  900 species  Root-like hyphae called rhizoids penetrate the bread’s surface, stem-like hyphae called stolons run along the bread surface

Sac Fungi  Ascomycotes – have ascus, reproductive structure that contains spores  30,000 species  Includes: cup fungi, yeast, morels, truffles

Club Fungi  Basidomycotes: have club-shaped hyphae (basidia) which produce basidospores  25,000 species  Include: puffballs, shelf fungus, mushrooms

Imperfect Fungi  Deuteromycotes: reproduce asexually  25,000 species  Species are varied, can not be assigned to other phyla  Includes penicillin, blue cheese veins

A unique fungi: Lichen  Lichen – a symbiotic association between a fungus & a green alga  Only need light, air, minerals to grow  Awesome case of Mutualism… –The photosynthetic alga provides the food for the organism –The fungus provides the alga with water, minerals and protects it from the environment.

Yeast Respiration Experiment In this experiment, you will observe cellular respiration in yeast. In each of the four test tubes is Bromothymol Blue (turns yellow when it detects cell respiration) kept at 40 degrees Celsius. Test Tube 1 – Yeast and Sugar Test Tube 2 – Yeast, No Sugar Test Tube 3 – Sugar Only Test Tube 4 – No Sugar, No Yeast

Pre-lab Predictions 1. What is the product of cellular respiration that we are trying to detect? 2. What type of respiration occurs in yeast? (Hint: no Oxygen needed!) 3. Name one of the two constants in this experiment. 4. Which test tube # is the control?  Generate your hypothesis in your notes now!

Observe and Reflect  TOrpHsbsZQ TOrpHsbsZQ TOrpHsbsZQ  Was your hypothesis supported or rejected? –Why or why not?  What 3-letter energy carrier is made through this process for the yeast?  How do you think you could get the yeast to undergo more cell respiration?

Answers  1. Carbon Dioxide Gas  2. Anaerobic Respiration (Alcoholic Fermentation!)  3. Bromothymol Blue or Temperature (40°C)  4. Test Tube #4 is the control  Energy Carrier: ATP (2)  Add more food! –(aka Sugar to the yeast)