Fig. 17-0c Diversity of plant life Charophytes (algae) Extinct seedless plants (origin of fossil fuels) Simple mosses Dry land adaptations

Fig. 17-1ca Flagellated sperm Stem Leaf Fern Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Roots Moss Stomata only on sporophytes; primitive roots anchor plants, no lignin; no vascular tissue; fertilization requires moisture Spores Flagellated sperm Leaf Stem Roots Flagellated sperm Vascular tissue Key Holdfast (anchors alga) Alga Water supports alga. Whole alga performs photo- synthesis; absorbs water, CO 2, and minerals from water. Spores

Fig. 17-1cb Leaf Seed Pollen Stem Roots Pine tree Stomata; roots anchor plants, absorb water; lignified cell walls; vascular tissue; fertilization does not require moisture Vascular tissue Key

Fig. 17-2a Ancestral green alga Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) 1 Origin of vascular plants (about 425 mya) 2 Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) 3 Mosses Lycophytes (club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts) Pterophytes (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns) Gymnosperms Angiosperms Millions of years ago (mya) Seed plants Liverworts Hornworts Seedless vascular plants Nonvascular plants (bryophytes) Vascular plants Land plants

Fig Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Gametophyte plant (n) Gametes (n) Sperm Egg Mitosis

Fig Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Gametophyte plant (n) Gametes (n) Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Mitosis

Fig Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Gametophyte plant (n) Gametes (n) Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Sporophyte plant (2n) Mitosis

Fig Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Gametophyte plant (n) Gametes (n) Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Sporophyte plant (2n) Meiosis Spores (n) Mitosis

Fig Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Gametophyte plant (n) Gametes (n) Sperm Egg Fertilization Zygote (2n) Sporophyte plant (2n) Meiosis Spores (n) Mitosis

Fig. 17-8b Stamen Anther Filament Petal Receptacle Ovule Sepal Stigma Style Ovary Carpel

Fig Meiosis 1 Egg (n) Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. Meiosis Pollen grains (n) Ovule Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key 2 Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gameto- phyte, which produces an egg.

Fig Meiosis 1 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Egg (n) Sperm Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. 2 Meiosis Pollen grains (n) Ovule Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gameto- phyte, which produces an egg. 3 Pollination and growth of pollen tube Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube Fertilization

Fig Meiosis 1 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Egg (n) Fertilization Sperm Zygote (2n) Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. 2 Meiosis Pollen grains (n) Ovule Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gameto- phyte, which produces an egg. 3 Pollination and growth of pollen tube Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 4

Fig Meiosis 1 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Egg (n) Fertilization Sperm Seed coat Zygote (2n) Food supply Embryo (2n) Seeds Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. 2 Meiosis Pollen grains (n) Ovule Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gameto- phyte, which produces an egg. 3 Pollination and growth of pollen tube Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 4 Fruit (mature ovary) 6 Seed 5

Fig Meiosis 1 Haploid (n) Diploid (2n) Key Egg (n) Fertilization Sperm Seed coat Zygote (2n) Food supply Embryo (2n) Seeds Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. 2 Meiosis Pollen grains (n) Ovule Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gameto- phyte, which produces an egg. 3 Pollination and growth of pollen tube Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube 4 Fruit (mature ovary) 6 Seed 5 Ovary Ovule Stigma Anther Sporophyte (2n) Seed germinates, and embryo grows into plant. 7

Fig b Seed dispersals and pollination are the result of coevolution of plants and animals

Fig a