MICROBIOLOGY Nur Hidayat

Microbiology The branch of biology concerned with the study of microorganisms and their activities

Microorganisms can be: unicellularmulticellularacellular –viruses –viroids –prions-proteinaceous infectious particle

Occurrence of Microorganisms air we breathe food we eat on the human body –Only 1 in 10 cells of the body is human, the rest are microbial –A square centimeter of skin holds about 100,000 microbes –Humans are free of microbes until they pass through the birth canal environments –extreme

Activities of microorganisms Destructive –Disease-EIDs (emerging infectious diseases) –Food spoilage –Eutrophication

Beneficial Activities –Foods - SCP (single cell protein) –C, N, S, P cycles –Decomposition –Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology) –Bioremediation

Bioremediation - use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant Eutrophication - the nutrient enrichment of large aquatic habitats caused directly or indirectly by human activities

Haeckel’s 3 Kingdoms PlantAnimalProtista

Eucaryotes vs Procaryotes

Eucaryotes True nucleus –nuclear membrane –more than 1 chromosome –chromosome replicated by mitosis –membrane-bound organelles ex. algae, fungi, protozoa, plants, animals

Eucaryotic Cell

Procaryotes Nuclear area (nucleoid) –no nuclear membrane –1 chromosome –no mitosis –ribosomes are the only membrane- bound organelles ex. bacteria (rickettsia, blue-green algae), archaea

Procaryotic Cell

Major Groups of Microorganisms AlgaeFungiProtozoaBacteriaArchaeaViruses

Description of Each Eucaryotes or procaryotes? Unicellular, multicellular or acellular? Importance Field of study

Algae Eucaryotes Unicellular & Multicellular ProducersPhycology

Unicellular Alga

Multicellular Alga Kelp

Fungi Eucaryotes Multicellular except yeasts DecomposersMycology

Multicellular Fungi Amanita muscaria

Unicellular Fungi

Protozoa EucaryotesUnicellular Free-living or parasitic Protozoology and Parasitology –protozoology - study of protozoa –parasitology - study of pathogenic protozoa & multicellular parasites (worms)

Protozoa classified by means of motility Amoeba - pseudopods ex. Entamoeba histolytica - amebic dysentery Flagellates - flagella ex. Giardia lamblia - giardiasis Ciliates - cilia ex. Paramecium Sporozoa - nonmotile ex. Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis ex. Plasmodium - malaria

Amoebas

Amoeba Entamoeba histolytica Amebic dysentery

Flagellate Giardia lamblia Giardiasis

Ciliate Balantidium coli

Sporozoa At least one million deaths per year worldwide

Sporozoa Toxoplasma gondii Toxoplasmosis

Bacteria ProcaryotesUnicellular Photosynthesis, decomposition, parasites, biogeochemical cycles Bacteriology

Gram Positive Staphylococcus

Gram Negative Escherichia coli

ArchaeaProcaryotesUnicellular Lack typical bacterial cell wall Live in extreme environments –methanogens - produce methane –extreme thermophiles –extreme halophiles Importance - geochemical cycles Bacteriology

Rickettsia ProcaryotesUnicellular Obligate intracellular parasites Transmitted by insects & ticks Transmitted by insects & ticks ex. Rickettsia rickettsii - Rocky Mtn. Spotted fever Bacteriology

Viruses Composed of nucleic acid + protein coat Obligate intracellular parasites LatencyVirology

Adenovirus

Bacteriophage

Immunology The study of the resistance of the living body to disease producing organisms and the reactions of living tissues to foreign substances Resistance to disease Vaccines Allergies Transplantation