By: Brianna Shields April 27, 2006 CH. 21 Protists By: Brianna Shields April 27, 2006

DO NOW What

GOAL List the characteristics of protists List three environments where protists can be found Identify the unifying features of protists Distinguish asexual and sexual reproduction of Chlamydomonas Differentiate two ways multicellular protists reproduce sexually Identify how amoebas and forams move Describe the structure of diatoms Contrast three kinds of algae Differentiate three different kinds of flagellates Summarize the general characteristics of a Paramecium Identify two ways that protists affect human health Name three human diseases other than malaria, caused by protists Summarize how malaria is transmitted Evaluate the methods used to control malaria

PROTISTS Protists Diverse Animal, plant and fungus-like Flagella, cilia for locomotion Water environments Some parasitic Can respond to environment Eyespots (light sensitive) Sexual & Asexual Unicellular & multicellular Protists 5. First Eukaryotes a. Evolved through endosymbiosis 6. Protist Kingdom a. Includes organisms that can’t be classified as plants, animals or fungi b. Protozoa= heterotrophic protists c. Algae= photosynthetic protists 7. Reproduction a. Sexual Reproduction in Unicellular Protists i. Occurs during shortage of nutrients (environmental stress) ii. Cell divides by mitosis into two gametes iii. Once released, gametes from different individuals fuse iv. Gamete pairs shed their cell walls and fuse to form a zygospore (zygote) with thick protective wall v. Zygospore withstand environmental conditions until they become favorable again vi. Zygospore produces cells that break out of its wall and grow into mature cells b. Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists i. Alternation of generations 1. Adult sporophyte alga has sporangia (reproductive cells) that produce spores 2. Spores grow into gametophytes 3. Gametophytes produce gametes that fuse 4. Fused gametes divide through mitosis to form new diploid sporophyte (end of cycle) ii. Conjugation 1. Two spirogyra filaments align side by side and pass genetic material through a bridge between their cell walls 2. One passes its nucleus through to join the other nucleus- forming a resting spore to make a new filament 8. ASSESSMENT ONE a. Describe two ways sexual reproduction can occur in multicellular protists b. Summarize why protists are not classified with the other three eukaryotic kingdoms c. List three characteristics of protists 9. Amoebas a. Unicellular b. Heterotroph c. Move by amoeboid movement d. Pseudopodia- Use these flexible, cytoplasmic extensions to anchor itself or surround and engulf food particles e. Has no cell wall or flagella, so is extremely flexible f. Live in freshwater, saltwater and soil g. Reproduce through fission h. Some parasitic i. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS First Eukaryotes Evolved through endosymbiosis 6. Protist Kingdom a. Includes organisms that can’t be classified as plants, animals or fungi b. Protozoa= heterotrophic protists c. Algae= photosynthetic protists 7. Reproduction a. Sexual Reproduction in Unicellular Protists i. Occurs during shortage of nutrients (environmental stress) ii. Cell divides by mitosis into two gametes iii. Once released, gametes from different individuals fuse iv. Gamete pairs shed their cell walls and fuse to form a zygospore (zygote) with thick protective wall v. Zygospore withstand environmental conditions until they become favorable again vi. Zygospore produces cells that break out of its wall and grow into mature cells b. Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists i. Alternation of generations 1. Adult sporophyte alga has sporangia (reproductive cells) that produce spores 2. Spores grow into gametophytes 3. Gametophytes produce gametes that fuse 4. Fused gametes divide through mitosis to form new diploid sporophyte (end of cycle) ii. Conjugation 1. Two spirogyra filaments align side by side and pass genetic material through a bridge between their cell walls 2. One passes its nucleus through to join the other nucleus- forming a resting spore to make a new filament 8. ASSESSMENT ONE a. Describe two ways sexual reproduction can occur in multicellular protists b. Summarize why protists are not classified with the other three eukaryotic kingdoms c. List three characteristics of protists 9. Amoebas a. Unicellular b. Heterotroph c. Move by amoeboid movement d. Pseudopodia- Use these flexible, cytoplasmic extensions to anchor itself or surround and engulf food particles e. Has no cell wall or flagella, so is extremely flexible f. Live in freshwater, saltwater and soil g. Reproduce through fission h. Some parasitic i. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Protist Kingdom Protozoa= heterotrophic protists Algae= photosynthetic protists 7. Reproduction a. Sexual Reproduction in Unicellular Protists i. Occurs during shortage of nutrients (environmental stress) ii. Cell divides by mitosis into two gametes iii. Once released, gametes from different individuals fuse iv. Gamete pairs shed their cell walls and fuse to form a zygospore (zygote) with thick protective wall v. Zygospore withstand environmental conditions until they become favorable again vi. Zygospore produces cells that break out of its wall and grow into mature cells b. Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists i. Alternation of generations 1. Adult sporophyte alga has sporangia (reproductive cells) that produce spores 2. Spores grow into gametophytes 3. Gametophytes produce gametes that fuse 4. Fused gametes divide through mitosis to form new diploid sporophyte (end of cycle) ii. Conjugation 1. Two spirogyra filaments align side by side and pass genetic material through a bridge between their cell walls 2. One passes its nucleus through to join the other nucleus- forming a resting spore to make a new filament 8. ASSESSMENT ONE a. Describe two ways sexual reproduction can occur in multicellular protists b. Summarize why protists are not classified with the other three eukaryotic kingdoms c. List three characteristics of protists 9. Amoebas a. Unicellular b. Heterotroph c. Move by amoeboid movement d. Pseudopodia- Use these flexible, cytoplasmic extensions to anchor itself or surround and engulf food particles e. Has no cell wall or flagella, so is extremely flexible f. Live in freshwater, saltwater and soil g. Reproduce through fission h. Some parasitic i. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Sexual Reproduction in Unicellular Protists Protist Reproduction Sexual Reproduction in Unicellular Protists Occurs during environmental stress Cell divides into two gametes Gametes from different individuals fuse to form a zygospore (zygote) with thick protective wall Zygospore withstands environmental conditions until they become favorable again Zygospore produces cells that break out of its wall and grow into mature cells b. Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists i. Alternation of generations 1. Adult sporophyte alga has sporangia (reproductive cells) that produce spores 2. Spores grow into gametophytes 3. Gametophytes produce gametes that fuse 4. Fused gametes divide through mitosis to form new diploid sporophyte (end of cycle) ii. Conjugation 1. Two spirogyra filaments align side by side and pass genetic material through a bridge between their cell walls 2. One passes its nucleus through to join the other nucleus- forming a resting spore to make a new filament 8. ASSESSMENT ONE a. Describe two ways sexual reproduction can occur in multicellular protists b. Summarize why protists are not classified with the other three eukaryotic kingdoms c. List three characteristics of protists 9. Amoebas a. Unicellular b. Heterotroph c. Move by amoeboid movement d. Pseudopodia- Use these flexible, cytoplasmic extensions to anchor itself or surround and engulf food particles e. Has no cell wall or flagella, so is extremely flexible f. Live in freshwater, saltwater and soil g. Reproduce through fission h. Some parasitic i. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists Protist Reproduction Sexual Reproduction in Multicellular Protists Alternation of generations Adult sporophyte alga produces spores Spores grow into gametophytes Gametophytes produce gametes that fuse Fused gametes divide through mitosis to form new sporophyte Conjugation Two cells align side by side and pass genetic material between their cell walls 9. Amoebas a. Unicellular b. Heterotroph c. Move by amoeboid movement d. Pseudopodia- Use these flexible, cytoplasmic extensions to anchor itself or surround and engulf food particles e. Has no cell wall or flagella, so is extremely flexible f. Live in freshwater, saltwater and soil g. Reproduce through fission h. Some parasitic i. Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

Protists: Alternation of Generations

Protists: Conjugation

Protists: Conjugation

Assessment Describe two ways sexual reproduction can occur in multicellular protists Summarize why protists are not classified with the other three eukaryotic kingdoms List three characteristics of protists

PROTISTS Amoebas Unicellular, heterotroph Pseudopodia- Flexible, cytoplasmic extensions for moving and eating No cell wall or flagella Freshwater, saltwater and soil Reproduce through fission Some parasitic Ex: Entamoeba histolytica causes Amebic dysentery when transmitted in contaminated food or water 10. Foraminifera a. Live in sand or attach to rocks b. Covered by tests (porous shells) in a spiral shape c. Shell made of calcium carbonate d. Long thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey e. Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) f. Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Foraminifera Live in sand or attach to rocks Covered by calcium carbonate tests (shells) in a spiral shape Thin streams of cytoplasm extend out of tests for swimming and catching prey Algae live under the tests (symbiosis) Dead foram tests accumulate on ocean floor creating limestone deposits 11. Algae a. Autotrophic b. Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Algae Autotrophic Unicellular and Multicellular c. Green i. Mostly freshwater, some marine ii. Mostly unicellular, some multicellular iii. Sexual and asexual stages iv. Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Green Algae Mostly freshwater, some marine Mostly unicellular, some multicellular Sexual and asexual stages Part of marine plankton, inhabit damp soil, live with cells of other organisms d. Red i. Multicellular ii. Warm ocean waters iii. Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters iv. Used to make agar and carrageenan v. Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Red Algae Multicellular Warm ocean waters Absorbing light that penetrates deep waters Used to make agar and carrageenan Complex life cycle (sometimes with alternation of generations) e. Brown i. Multicellular ii. Marine environments iii. Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms iv. Largest organisms on Earth v. Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Brown Algae Multicellular Marine environments Kelp grows on coasts- feeds and shelters other organisms Largest organisms on Earth Reproduced by alternation of generations 12. Diatoms a. Unicellular b. Photosynthetic c. Double silica shells like boxes with lids d. Oceans, lake producers e. Empty shells deposit and are mined commercially (known as Diatomaceous Earth) f. Used as an abrasive g. Adds sparkle to road paint h. Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) i. Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells j. Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows k. Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Diatoms Unicellular Producers in oceans and lakes Double silica shells like boxes with lids Diatomaceous Earth Empty shells are mined commerciall Used as an abrasive Sparkle in road paint Natural pest control (sharp edges puncture pests) Glide by secreting chemical through holes in their shells Asexual reproduction- two halves of shell separate, matching half regrows Each generation is smaller and smaller- eventually slips out of its shell to regrow to normal size 13. Flagellates a. Dinoflagellates i. Mostly marine ii. Unicellular Autotroph iii. Two flagella iv. Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica v. Spin through water like a top vi. Asexual mitotic reproduction vii. Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Flagellates Dinoflagellates Mostly marine Unicellular Autotroph Two flagella Protective cellulose coat encrusted with silica Spin through water like a top Asexual Some produce powerful toxins (ex: red tide) b. Euglenoids i. Freshwater ii. Two flagella iii. Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic iv. Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape v. Eyespot- detects light vi. Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Flagellates Euglenoids Freshwater Two flagella Most photosynthetic, some heterotrophic Pellicle inside cell membrane allows it to change shape Eyespot- detects light Mitotic reproduction c. Kinetoplasts i. Unicellular ii. Heterotrophs iii. One – one thousand flagella iv. Mostly asexual reproduction, some sexual v. Closely related to Euglenoids vi. Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut vii. Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Flagellates Kinetoplasts Unicellular, heterotrophs One – one thousand flagella Asexual & Sexual Closely related to Euglenoids Trichonympha live symbiotically in termite gut Trypanosomes cause African Sleeping Sickness in humans d. Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) i. Large numbers of cilia (tightly packed little hairs for movement) ii. Unciellular iii. Heterotrophic iv. Tough but flexible wall allows squeezing through spots and moving around objects v. Food vacuole vi. Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration vii. Reproduce mitotically (divide in half) viii. After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Flagellates Ciliates (ex: Paramecium) Many cilia (hairs) Unicellular, heterotrophs Tough, flexible wall allows movement Contractile Vacuole regulates water concentration Asexual: Fission After 700 generations must reproduce sexually through conjugation or they will die 14. Protistan Molds a. Heterotrophs b. Some mobility c. Mitosis d. Cellular Slime Molds i. Ameba-like ii. Behaves independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria iii. Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress 1. Base, stalk and swollen tip that releases spores to form new amebas e. Plasmodial Slime Molds i. Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) ii. Engulf bacteria and other organic material iii. During stress, divides into small mounds- produces a stalk with capsule at tip that releases spores iv. Spores released, fuse and undergo mitosis to make new Plasmodium f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Protistan Molds Cellular Slime Molds Ameba-like Lives independently moving through soil, ingesting bacteria Clump with others in a multicellular colony called a slug during environmental stress

PROTISTS Protistan Molds Plasmodial Slime Molds Group of organisms that stream along as Plasmodium (mass of cytoplasm resembling oozing slime) During stress, divides into small mounds f. Other Molds i. Water molds ii. White rusts iii. Downy mildews iv. Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water v. Feed on dead organic matter or are parasitic vi. Spores have 2 flagella- one forward, one backward vii. Many are plant pathogens 1. Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Protistan Molds Other Molds Water molds White rusts Downy mildews Grow on dead algae and animals in fresh water Many are plant pathogens Phytophthora infestans cauases Irish potato famine of 1845-1847 (400,000 people starved to death) 15. Sporozoans a. Form spores b. Parasitic- cause serious diseases c. Infect animals- transmitted from host to host d. Unicellular e. Nonmotile f. Sexual and asexual portions of a life cycle g. Large female gamete and small flagellated male gamete form a zygote that can withstand unfavorable condtions h. Transmitted by i. Blood-feeding insects ii. Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces iii. Ex: Malaria 16. ASSESSMENT TWO a. Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom b. Complete the Data Lab on page 468 of the textbook requiring students to interpret competition among protists c. Describe a pseudopodium d. Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain e. Construct a table that compares three kinds of algae f. Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi g. Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not? 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Sporozoans Form spores Parasitic- serious diseases Infect animals- transmitted from host to host Nonmotile Sexual and asexual Large female gamete and small male gamete form a zygote that withstands unfavorable condtions Transmitted by Blood-feeding insects Food, water contaminated with infected animal feces Ex: Malaria 17. Protists and Humans a. Cause disease in humans- cost to prevent and treat them b. Cause disease in livestock – higher meat prices c. Beneficial Protists i. Live in digestive tracts of humans and animals 1. Cow can’t digest cellulose from hay without protists ii. Support food chains (photosynthetic) iii. Produce oxygen iv. Detritivores- recycle N, C and P in environment 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

Assessment Fill in a graphic organizer comparing the characteristics of various members of the protist kingdom Describe a pseudopodium Identify the role of diatoms in the aquatic food chain Explain how protistan molds differ from fungi Euglena is a protozoan not an alga. Is this an accurate statement? Why or why not?

PROTISTS Protists and Humans Cause disease in humans and livestock- costly to prevent and treat them Beneficial Protists Live in digestive tracts Cow need them for digesting cellulose Support food chains Produce oxygen Detritivores- recycle nutrients 18. Malaria a. One of most deadly human diseases b. 100 million people have it at any given time c. 3 million die each year from it d. Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst e. Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage f. Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Malaria One of most deadly human diseases 100 million people have it at any given time 3 million die each year Symptoms: chills, fever, sweating, confusion, thirst Death results from: anemia, kidney failure, brain damage Caused by Plasmodium spread by mosquito bites g. Life Cycle i. Sporozoite Stage-Mosquito bites and injects saliva with chemical to prevent blood clotting along with thousands of Plasmodium 1. Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing ii. Merozoite Stage- Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly 1. Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) iii. Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes 1. Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote 2. Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands iv. More humans can be affected h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Malaria Life Cycle Mosquito bites and injects thousands of Plasmodium Sporozoites infect liver, rapidly dividing Merozoite cells infect rbc’s and divide rapidly Every 48 hours rbc’s rupture spilling out more merozoites and toxins (causing fever & chills) Some merozoites in blood develop into gametes Mosquito bites infected human- gametes join in mosquito to form zygote Zygote divides to form sporozoites that migrate to mosquito’s salivary glands h. Treatment and Prevention i. Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America ii. Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides, reducing breeding grounds, and introducing predators to eat mosquito larva 19. ASSESSMENT THREE a. Summarize two ways protists affect human health b. Describe three human diseases caused by protists c. Describe how malaria is transmitted d. Diagram the Malaria life cycle e. Homework: Text p. 476 #1-13, p. 477 #1-3

PROTISTS Malaria Treatment and Prevention Treated with quinine from bark of cinchona tree in South America Reduce mosquito population by spraying insecticides reducing breeding grounds introducing predators to eat mosquito larva

Assessment Describe two ways protists affect human health Describe three human diseases caused by protists Diagram the Malaria life cycle and describe how it is transmitted