Bruce V. Hofkin Living in a Microbial World Copyright © Garland Science 2011 Chapter 16 Better Living with Microorganisms: Industrial and Applied Microbiology.

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Bruce V. Hofkin Living in a Microbial World Copyright © Garland Science 2011 Chapter 16 Better Living with Microorganisms: Industrial and Applied Microbiology

Industrial and applied microbiology -air pollution- acid rain – 부식, dust -Carlos Rodriguez-Navarro in Univ. of Granada Myxococcus xanthus- crystal 분비, 부식 방지 - 공극 폐쇄 없음, 현재 이용 수지는 물 포집 부식 가속화 Commercial applications Metabolites with commercial potencial metabolite( 대사물, 대사물질, 대사산물 )- 대사 활성으로 만들어지는 중간 또는 최종 산물 antibiotics penicillin by Penicillium notatum citric acid by Aspergillus niger

Strain improvement -tight regulation of metabolite production -overproduction of enzyme or metabolite 필요 - 방법 – random mutation- UV, 처리 반복, penicillin 수율 배 증가, vitamin B2 2 만배 증가 환경조건 최적화 - 온도, pH, 산소, nutrient regulation- 종류 genetic engineering 산업용 미생물의 조건 대규모 산업적 시설에서 생장 가능해야 함 Symbiotic interaction 에서 생산 경우의 어려움 높은 생장률 저비용 산업용 미생물의 인간과 환경에 대한 안전성 실제 적용능

Commercial production -mass production aeration 등의 문제 -industrial fermentor- 온도 유지, pH, DO 조절, 혼합, 배지 유출입, sampling, 멸균 -scale up process- flask, laboratory fermentor, pilot plant fermentor, industrial fermentor

Medical products Antibiotics screening, in vitro test, in vivo test, clinical test 현재 약 160 종의 항생물질 상업적 생산 Steroid hormones cortisone progesterone Bioconversion- minor chemical alteration estrogen – 이전 임신한 말 오줌에서 추출 -> cholesterol 을 세균 전환 Other medical products

Nonmedical products Enzymes streptokinase- 혈전용해 세제 - protease, cellulase, lipase 산업적 용도 - rennin, amylase 등 extremozyme – Taq polymerase Biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis – Bt toxin (Bt toxin gene, cry 도입 형질전환작물 ) Microorganisms as materials nanotechnology 에 이용 - bacteria 에 금 입자 코팅하여 습도 검출기로 이용 surface protein as ice nucleating agent cellulose 생성

Big problems, little solutions -environmental problems, resources shortages Environmental pollution waste and wastewater treatment odor problem suspended growth/attached growth aerobic process/anaerobic process Bioremediation -removal of risk by contaminants by living organisms- degradation, detoxication, immobilization -in situ, on site, ex situ -nonfastidious organisms 다양한 물질 분해능 Pseudomonas -strategy biostimulation bioaugmentation -PCB, vinyl chloride, Uranium, explosives

Solid waste treatment -landfill, incineration, ocean dumping -composting- 고온 호기성 공정에 의한 유기성 폐기물의 분해 및 안정화 최종산물 compost- soil conditioner 호기성 조건 유지, 온도 변화 -process simple composting aerated pile continuous process

Plastics -recalcitrant compounds -biodegradable plastics- starch-based plastics -biopolymer –poly-ß-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) – bioplastics Production of resources Alternative fuels - biofuel -ethanol –substrate 문제 cellulosic ethanol -methane – landfill, anaerobic digester -hydrocarbon- green alga Botryococcus braunii -microbial fuel cell – Shewanella 혐기성 조건에서 전자를 세포 밖으로 내보내 전기 생산 포도당 이용 시 60-80% 에너지 효율 ( 내연기관 -30%) Microbial mining -low grade ore- acid mine drainage, 황 산화세균, 철 산화세균을 이용하여 산화, 용출 Stabilization of soil -Flavobacterium johnsoniae 가 탄수화물 분비하여 모래 입자 결합 2 배 이상 - 지반 안정화