1 Rain, clouds and wind

2 This week.. 1. How do we get rain? 2. What are the clouds called (and what might we expect when we see them?) 3. How can we tell how windy it is without an anemometer?

3 You remember we talked about the water cycle?

4 The water cycle

5 Convectional rainfall When it is very hot and damp – like in the Amazon rainforest every day – and just occasionally in the UK, when the weather is REALLY hot there is rainfall in the afternoon after a sunny first part to the day. Why? Sun warms the soil, and water evaporates The air above warms and rises with the water vapour As the air rises, it cools

6 Convection rainfall Cool air can hold less water vapour than warm air Some of the water vapour turns into drops of water and these group together as clouds More and more drops of water join together into big drops which fall back to earth as they are too heavy to float in the air Often there is thunder and lightening too In the Amazon, this happens nearly every afternoon at about 4 o'clock

7 This what convection rainfall looks like This is a cumulonimbus cloud See later

8 Evaporation of water from the ocean Formation of Relief Rainfall Occurs in the mountains on the west coast of Britain

9 Evaporation of water from the ocean Onshore moisture laden winds Formation of Relief Rainfall Occurs in the mountains on the west coast of Britain

10 Mountains on the west coast of Britain forces the air to rise Evaporation of water from the ocean Onshore moisture laden winds Air cools down Formation of Relief Rainfall Occurs in the mountains on the west coast of Britain

11 Mountains on the west coast of Britain forces the air to rise Water vapour Condenses to form clouds Evaporation of water from the ocean Onshore moisture laden winds Air cools down Further cooling leads to precipitation Formation of Relief Rainfall

12 Air moving down the mountain, gets warmer and so reabsorbs any remaining water vapour. NO MORE RAIN Water vapour Condenses to form clouds Evaporation of water from the ocean Onshore moisture laden winds Air cools down Formation of Relief Rainfall

13 Relief Rainfall 1Air is forced to rise and cools by 1°C per 100m. 2As the water vapour in the air condenses, it forms clouds and rains. 3The air starts to descend and begins to warm up again. 4As air warms up, it can hold more water vapour - clouds disappear and rain stops. This side is known as a RAINSHADOW. Relief rain is formed when air is forced to cool as it rises over relief (height) features in the landscape (hills or mountains).

14 Rain shadow map Fort William Dundee Grampian Mountains

15 Rain shadow map Fort William Dundee Lincoln Buxton Grampian Mountains Pennines

16 Rain shadow map Fort William Dundee Lincoln Buxton Eastbourne Ashburton Grampian Mountains Dartmoor Pennines

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18 This method of cloud classification was proposed by Luke Howard (1803) who named the clouds based on their form: Cirrus - curl Stratus - layer Cumulus - heap Nimbus - rain and on their height:

19 Cirrus & cirrostratus The most common form of high-level clouds are thin and often wispy cirrus clouds. Typically found at heights greater than 6,000 meters, Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of supercooled water droplets. Cirrus generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation.

20 Altocumulus Altocumulus may appear as parallel bands or rounded masses. Typically a portion of an altocumulus cloud is shaded, a characteristic which makes them distinguishable from the high-level cirrocumulus. They are often come before a cold front which usually carries rain with it. Or altocumulus clouds on a warm and humid summer morning is commonly followed by thunderstorms later in the day.

21 Nimbo- stratus Nimbostratus are dark, low-level clouds at a height of 2,000 meters Nimbo meaning rain and stratus meaning layer gives continuous not-very-heavy rain However, when temperatures are cold enough, these clouds may also contain ice particles and snow.

22 Stratocumulus Stratus is a layer and cumulus means heap So the clouds form a layer of heaps, and can give quite heavy showers, but they do not usally last too long They vary in colour from dark grey to light grey and may appear as rounded masses, rolls, etc., with breaks of clear sky in between.

23 Fog Fog is the lowest cloud of all!

24 Fair weather Cumulus These are know as fair weather cumulus ( heaps) small white like cotton wool balls They have flat bottoms which are quite low down and a smallish heap of white cloud above

25 You may sometimes see one of these cumulonimbus The bottom is flat and black, often with the rain already falling out of it in huge drops. Quite often there is thunder and lightening The ‘heap’ part reaches high into the sky – often to the level of the cirrus clouds

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27 What am I thinking of? There is a layer of light grey lowish cloud. I cannot see the sun but at least it is not raining It is a lovely warm sunny morning but there are small blobs of cotton wool clouds in the sky. What are they called? What might happen later on? There are little wispy strands high in the sky – what are they called? Oh dear! There is a huge mountain of a cloud going right up into the sky. It has a VERY dark grey base. What is it called? What might happen soon?

28 The Beaufort scale was thought up in 1805 by sir Francis Beaufort. It is still used today. These three versions of it were taken from three web sites: ‘Castle Kites’, ‘Macfarlane Wind Turbines’ and the ‘US Search and Rescue Task Force’. Questions: 1.Which of these versions do you prefer and why? 2.Why did these three websites have pictures of the Beaufort scale? 3.What other groups of people would be interested in the Beaufort scale? 4.According to the Beaufort scale, what is the wind speed today?

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31 Homework: it says Record the cloud types and the wind over 5 days [We have another delayed homework – I do not need it until Monday] Cloud type: I have left space for a small drawing in Paint or you may like to take a picture and paste it in VERY small – if so you may need to as it might not upload. (You do not have to do either)