Section 1: Streams and Rivers Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 1: Streams and Rivers

1. Runoff Water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground.

2. Tributary A smaller stream or river that feeds into a main river.

3. Watershed The land area that supplies water to a river system.

4. Divide A ridge of land that separates one watershed from another.

5. Erosion The process by which fragments of soil and rock are broken off from the ground surface and carried away.

6. Deposition The process by which soil and fragments of rock are deposited in a new location

7. Sediment The particles of rock and soil that are moved by water or wind, resulting in erosion and deposition.

8. Headwaters The many small streams that come together at the source of the river.

9. Flood plain A broad, flat valley through which a river flows.

10. Meander A looping curve formed in a river as it winds through its flood plain.

11. Oxbow lake The crescent-shaped, cutoff body of water that remains after a river carves a new channel.

12. Mouth The point where a river flows into another body of water.

13. Delta The area of sediment deposits that build up near a river’s mouth.

14. Levee A long ridge formed by deposits of sediments alongside a river channel.

Section 1 Notes evaporates 1. When rain falls, water either ____________ immediately, ___________into the soil, or forms ______________. evaporates soaks runoff

* Nature of the ground surface 2. Three factors that affect the amount of runoff: * Nature of the ground surface * Rate of rainfall * Whether the land is flat or hilly

3. A river and all its ___________ together make up a _____________. tributaries river system

Formation of River http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TKTpEMXLO8w&feature=related

4. Watersheds are also called ______________ Watershed Video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f63pwrMXkV4 Drainage basins.

The 6 Pennsylvania Watersheds

Quick Watershed Demo Materials Plastic sheet Newspaper Spray bottles with colored water Food coloring

PSSA Words Non point source pollution- pollution, which is spread across the landscape and can not be identified as coming from any one particular person or company, is called non-point source pollution. Point Source Pollution Because non-point source pollution comes from across the watershed it is more difficult to regulate than point source pollution. Reducing non-point source pollution will take the commitment of everyone in the watershed to change their behaviors.

Reflection Write and draw your definition of a watershed, including all the ways water reaches a river (water flowing over the land, water flowing through the land, rain falling directly on the river) and all the ways water is lost from a river (evaporation, flowing downstream, seeping into the ground. Reflect on what it means to be part of the Pennsylvania watershed. Is it different from what it means to be part of a different water shed?

5. The __________________, the longest divide in North America, follows the line of the ______________. Continental Divide is the name given to the principal, and largely mountainous, hydrological divide of the Americas that separates the watersheds that drain into the Pacific Ocean from (1) those river systems that drain into the Atlantic Ocean. Continental Divide Rocky Mountains

Continental Divides of the United States-

6. Rivers wear away landforms through _________ and build new landforms through __________. erosion deposition

7. Three factors that affect river speed: * (Water flows faster down a mountainside than over a flat plain. ) (An increase in the amount of water in a river causes the river to flow faster. ) Steepness of its slope Volume of water in the river

Shape of the channel ____________________through which the river flows. (As the water in the river rubs against the sides and bottom of its channel, it creates friction. This friction slows the water’s movement. In a shallow, narrow channel, almost all the water is in contact with the sides or bottom, and it moves slowly. In a broad, deep channel, however, most of the water can flow without any friction, so the river flows faster.)

8. The soil in delta areas is very _______________for farming. fertile

9. A flood occurs when * the volume of water in a river increases so much that the river overflows its channel.

Section 2: Ponds and Lakes Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 2: Ponds and Lakes

Vocab 15. Reservoir A natural or artificial lake that stores water for human use.

16. Eutrophication The process by which nutrients in a lake build up over time, causing an increase in the growth of algae. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGqZsSuG7ao

Notes 1. Ponds are generally __________and __________than lakes. smaller shallower

2. Ponds and lakes form when water collects in ________ and ___________ areas of land. hollows Low lying areas

3. Five ways lakes can be formed: * Rainfall melting snow and ice runoff supply water to ponds and lakes fed by rivers groundwater

4. Lake turnover is the _______________change than ___________nutrients throughout the lake. Seasonal refreshes

Section 3: Wetlands and Environments Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 3: Wetlands and Environments

17. Wetland An area of land that is covered with a shallow layer of water during some or all of the year.

1. Three types of wetland environments: A. B. C. Marshes Swamps Bogs

2. Because of their _________waters and rich supply of _________, wetlands provide _________ for many living things. sheltered nutrients habitats

3. Wetlands also help control floods by __________________________ Wetland Demo absorbing extra runoff from heavy rains.

Everglades- A wetland http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uUGSiQgobP0 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m9b9KNtQrZA

4. Three threats to the Everglades: A. B. C.   farming has introduced new chemicals developers have filled in areas of wetland to build new homes and roads. New organisms brought into the area accidentally or for pest control compete with other organisms for space and food.

Section 4: Glaciers and Icebergs Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 4: Glaciers and Icebergs

Section 4 18. Glacier A huge mass of ice and snow that moves slowly over the land.

1. Glaciers are formed when: *Layers of snow pile on top of more layers of snow. Over time, the weight of the layers presses the particles of snow so tightly together that they form a solid block of ice.

2. Icebergs form when glaciers ______________________________ break off from a snow-formed glacier and is floats in open water.

3 _______ percent of an iceberg is underwater. Hazard to ships because it is often much wider than the visible part of the iceberg. Titanic Video 90%

Global Warming and Antartica http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yHTWDBF_6ZY&feature=related

Section 5: Water Underground Chapter 2 Fresh Water Section 5: Water Underground

19. Pores Tiny openings in and between particles of rock and soil which may contain air or water.

20. Permeable Characteristic of materials that allow water to easily pass through them, such as sand and gravel.

21. Impermeable Characteristic of materials through which water does not easily pass, such as clay and granite.

22. Saturated zone A layer of permeable rock or soil in which the cracks and pores are totally filled with water.

23. Unsaturated zone A layer of rocks and soil above the water table in which the pores contain air as well as water.

24. Water table The top of the saturated zone, or depth to the groundwater in an aquifer.

25. Aquifer An underground layer of rock or soil that holds water.

Ogallala Aquifer in Nebraska is a vast yet shallow underground water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains.

26. Recharge New water that enters an aquifer from the surface.

27. Artesian well A well in which water rises because of pressure within the aquifer.

28. Spring A place where groundwater bubbles or flows out of cracks in the rocks.

29. Geyser A type of hot spring in which the water is under pressure and bursts periodically into the air.

Sand Gravel 1. Three Examples of Permeable Materials: A. B. C. gravel are permeable materials Sand Gravel Crushed rock

2. List three examples of impermeable materials: C. Clay Granite Metal, Glass, etc…

3. People can obtain groundwater from an aquifer by drilling _______________________________ a well below the water table.

4. Water pressure brings groundwater to the surface naturally in ______________________, ______________________, and _______________________. artesian well spring a geyser