Aquatic Ecosystems Freshwater Marine Ponds & Lakes Streams & Rivers Wetlands Marine Oceans Coral Reefs Estuaries Mangroves

Freshwater Ponds & Lakes Streams & Rivers Wetlands

Freshwater Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration—usually less than 1% Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e, ocean)

Ponds and Lakes range in size from just a few square meters to thousands of square kilometers ponds may be seasonal, lasting just a couple of months (such as sessile pools) lakes may exist for hundreds of years or more may have limited species diversity since they are often isolated from one another and from other water sources like rivers and oceans

Ponds and Lakes divided into three different “zones” determined by depth and distance from the shoreline littoral zone limnetic zone profundal zone

Littoral Zone warmest since it is shallow and can absorb more of the Sun’s heat sustains a fairly diverse community, which can include several species of algae (like diatoms), rooted and floating aquatic plants, grazing snails, clams, insects, crustaceans, fishes, and amphibians the egg and larvae stages of some insects are found in this zone vegetation and animals living in the littoral zone are food for other creatures such as turtles, snakes, and ducks

Limnetic Zone near-surface open water surrounded by the littoral zone well-lighted (like the littoral zone) and is dominated by plankton, both phytoplankton and zooplankton plankton are small organisms that play a crucial role in the food chain – most life would not be possible without them variety of freshwater fish also occupy this zone

Profundal Zone Plankton have short life spans—when they die, they fall into the deep-water part of the lake/pond much colder and denser than the other two little light penetrates all the way through the limnetic zone into the profundal zone animals are decomposers

Ponds and Lakes Temperature varies seasonally. Summer Winter from 4° C near the bottom to 22° C at the top Winter from 4° C while the top is 0° C (ice) between the two layers is a narrow zone called the thermocline where the temperature of the water changes rapidly with depth

Ponds and Lakes during the spring and fall seasons is a mixing of the top and bottom layers resulting in a uniform water temperature of around 4° C mixing also circulates oxygen throughout the lake many lakes and ponds do not freeze during the winter resulting in the top layer being a little warmer

Ponds and Lakes ice can develop on the top of lakes during winter blocks out sunlight and can prevent photosynthesis oxygen levels drop and some plants and animals may die called "winterkill."

Ponds and Lakes

Types of Lakes: Oligotrophic – nutrient poor Fig. 7-21 p. 158

Types of Lakes: Eutrophic – nutrient rich Fig. 7-21 p. 158

Streams & Rivers bodies of flowing water moving in one direction found everywhere—they get their start at headwaters, which may be springs, snowmelt or even lakes travel all the way to their mouths, usually another water channel or the ocean

Watershed describes an area of land that contains a common set of streams and rivers drains into a single larger body of water, such as a larger river, a lake or an ocean

Streams & Rivers characteristics change during the journey from the source to the mouth temperature is cooler at the source than it is at the mouth water is also clearer, has higher oxygen levels, and freshwater fish such as trout and heterotrophs can be found there

Streams & Rivers Towards the middle part of the stream/river, the width increases, as does species diversity—numerous aquatic green plants and algae can be found

Streams & Rivers toward the mouth the water becomes murky from all the sediments that it has picked up upstream decreasing the amount of light that can penetrate through the water less light less diversity of flora lower oxygen levels fish that require less oxygen, such as catfish and carp, can be found

Streams & Rivers

Wetlands Wetlands are areas of standing water that support aquatic plants Marshes, swamps, and bogs are all considered wetlands

Wetlands highest species diversity of all ecosystems many species of amphibians, reptiles, birds (such as ducks and waders), and furbearers can be found in the wetlands not considered freshwater ecosystems as there are some, such as salt marshes, that have high salt concentrations—these support different species of animals, such as shrimp, shellfish, and various grasses

Coastal Wetlands Land areas covered with H2O all or part of the year Include: mouths of rivers, bays, sounds, mangrove forest swamps in tropical waters Temperature & salinity vary widely with tidal, seasonal & weather changes

                            Wetlands Plants adapted to the very moist and humid conditions are called hydrophytes Pond lilies Cattails Sedges Tamarack Black Spruce Gum Cypress

Wetlands River Otter Damselfly Dragonfly Mayfly Crayfish Snails Leech Bluegill Bass Catfish Sculpin Minnow Snakes Frog Turtle Great Blue Heron Canadian Goose Wetlands

Human Impact on Freshwater Inland Wetlands Fragmentation by dams, diversions or canals  wildlife habitat destruction Flood control dikes & levees  habitat damage, disconnect rivers from floodplains, eliminate important spawning grounds Drainage or filling of wetlands for agriculture

Aquatic Ecosystems Marine Oceans Coral Reefs Estuaries

Marine cover about three-fourths of the Earth’s surface and include oceans, coral reefs, and estuaries algae supply much of the world’s oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land

Oceans largest of all the ecosystems dominate the Earth’s surface separate zones Intertidal Pelagic Abyssal Benthic great diversity of species richest diversity of species even though it contains fewer species than there are on land

Oceans

Ocean Zones Fig. 7-7 p. 148 Refer to Figs. 7-11 & 7-12 p. 151 & 152

Euphotic Zone Upper layer Photosynthesis can occur here because sunlight can penetrate Algal blooms may cause a decrease in euphotic zone

A note or two about Dissolved Oxygen (DO)… High at surface – b/c of diffusion from atmosphere & photosynthesis Lower at depths – b/c of use by consumers during respiration Warm water holds more DO than cold water Remember that CO2 is the reverse!

Intertidal Zone where the ocean meets the land sometimes submerged and at other times exposed waves and tides come in and out communities are constantly changing

Pelagic – Open Ocean waters further from the land, basically the open ocean generally cold though it is hard to give a general temperature range since, just like ponds and lakes, there is thermal stratification with a constant mixing of warm and cold ocean currents

Mesopelagic Zone "twilight zone" of the ocean http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/deepsea/meso.html "twilight zone" of the ocean photic zone above darkness below food becomes scarce – some animals migrate up to the surface at night to feed rely on food that falls down from above eat each other sometimes the only things to eat may be bigger than the hunter developed long sharp teeth, expandable jaws and stomachs

ctenophore – related to jellyfish Big Scale - ambush predator cilia can be illuminated Firefly squid three kinds of photophores Hatchet Fish only a few inches long Viperfish specially adapted hinged skull Dragonfish - stomachs hold big meals Snipeel up to 1.2m Siphonophores are colonies of animals related to jellyfish best known is Portugese Man of War http://oceanlink.island.net/oinfo/deepsea/meso.html

Bathypelagic Zone extends down from 1000 to 4000m only light is from bioluminescent organisms only food is what trickles down from above, or from eating other animals water pressure at this depth is considerable (~100 – 400 atmospheres) most animals are either black or red in color very little blue/green light penetrates this deep – red is not reflected and looks black

Narcomedusa Vampire Squid Snake Dragon Angler Fish Amphi - crustacean Ctenophore – voracious predator Deepstaria very slow swimmers, no tentacles, close flexible bells (up to a meter across) around their prey Big Red grows to over a meter across

Abyssopelagic Zone - the Abyss 4000m to the sea floor only zone deeper than this is the hadal zone areas found in deep sea trenches and canyons home to pretty inhospitable living conditions near- freezing temperatures crushing pressures

Deep Water Squid Basketstar Sea Pig Sea Spider Shrimp Winged Sea Cucumber Medussa Deep Sea Smoker - 648°F Deep-sea Anemone Hydrothermal Vent

The Coral Reef Biome A Look at a Marine Biome

What Is a Coral Reef? A structure formed by coral polyps, tiny animals that live in colonies. Coral polyps form a hard, stony, branching structure made of limestone. New polyps attach to old coral and gradually build the reef.

A World of Coral Reefs = Coral Reef

Coral Reef Climate Usually found near land in shallow, warm salt water Lots of light Tropical temperatures, averaging 70°-85° F Most coral cannot survive below 65° F

Coral Reef Plants Phytoplankton Microscopic Basis for all ocean food chains

Coral Reef Plants Algae Green Red Brown algae takes many forms Green and red algae contain limestone and when they die, they disintegrate into sand. Brown algae has many different forms and looks more like seaweed.

Coral Reef Plants Seaweed and Sea grasses Brown seaweed Sea grass Shoal grass Turtle grass                           

Fascinating Fact: The Great Barrier Reef World’s largest coral reef Over 1257 miles long Off the northeast coast of Australia Only grows about one inch per year

The Great Barrier Reef: Home to… 1500 species of fish 400 different types of coral 4,000 mollusks 500 species of seaweed 215 species of birds 16 species of sea snake 6 species of sea turtle Whales visit during winter

Coral Reef Creatures Symbiotic relationships Coral with algae Clown fish with sea anemones

Coral Reef Creatures Tropical fish Sea horse Angel fish John Dory Butterfly fish Sea horse Octopus Reef shark

Sample Food Chain Starfish Coral Octopus Zooplankton Moray Eel Phytoplankton

Major Threats to Coral Reefs Ocean warming Soil erosion Algae growth from fertilizer runoff Mangrove destruction Coral reef bleaching Rising sea levels Increased UV exposure from ozone depletion Using cyanide and dynamite to harvest coral reef fish Coral removal for building material, aquariums, and jewelry Damage from anchors, ships, and tourist divers Major Threats to Coral Reefs

Estuaries http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/about1.htm enclosed body of water formed where freshwater from rivers and streams flows into the ocean, mixing with the salty sea water estuaries and the lands surrounding them are places of transition from land to sea, and from fresh to salt water although influenced by the tides, estuaries are protected from the full force of ocean waves, winds, and storms by the reefs, barrier islands, or fingers of land, mud, or sand that define an estuary's seaward boundary

The widely fluctuating environmental conditions in estuaries make life stressful for organisms. Estuaries are extremely fertile because nutrients are brought in by rivers and recycled from the bottom because of the turbulence. Stressful conditions and abundant nutrients result in low species diversity, but great abundance of the species present. Despite abundance of nutrients, phytoplankton blooms are irregular and the base of the food chain is detritus washed in from adjacent salt marshes. The benthonic fauna strongly reflects the nature of the substrate and most fishes are juvenile forms living within the estuary until they mature and migrate to the ocean.

Estuaries Estuaries are sometimes called “marine nurseries” http://www.epa.gov/owow/estuaries/about1.htm Estuaries are sometimes called “marine nurseries” habitats for many juvenile organisms, especially for fishes many fish are born and grow up in estuaries migrate to the open ocean

Estuaries – an ecotone Partially enclosed area where seawater mixes with freshwater & nutrients (coming from rivers, streams & runoff) Important nursery areas – protective environment for birth & growth & development

Salt marshes are intertidal flats covered by grassy vegetation. Marshes are most commonly found in protected areas with a moderate tidal range, such as the landward side of barrier islands. Marshes flood daily at high tide and then drain through a series of channels with the ebb tide. They are one of the most productive environments. Marshes can be divided into two parts: Low salt marshes and High salt marshes. Distribution and density of organisms in salt marshes strongly reflects availability of food, need for protection, and frequency of flooding.

Mangroves are large woody trees with a dense, complex root system that grows downward from the branches Mangroves are the dominant plant of the tropical and subtropical intertidal area Distribution of the trees is largely controlled by air temperature, exposure to wave and current attack, tidal range, substrate and sea water chemistry Detritus from the mangrove forms the base of the food chain

Mangrove Forests Tropical coastal wetlands Protect coastlines from wave action Provide filtering of runoff & river water which helps to protect coral reefs Provide important habitats for aquatic species 36% of mangrove forests have been cleared since 1980’s for agriculture & aquaculture