Kingdom Animalia

Important phyla features 1) Evolution of tissues Present in all but one group (Phylum Porifera: sponges) Called ________________. Animals with tissues (all other phyla) called Eumetazoa.

Important phyla features 2) Evolution of symmetry Sponges lack definite _______________ Radial symmetry: characterize Radiata (Phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora)

Important phyla features 2) Evolution of bilateral symmetry Other animal phyla have bilateral symmetry Note dorsal/ventral, anterior/posterior Note _____________: clustering of senses and nervous system at one end of body

Important phyla features 3) Evolution of a body cavity Acoelomates: no ______________. Outside from ectoderm, gut from endoderm, in-between from mesoderm

Important phyla features 3) Evolution of a body cavity Pseudocoelomates: body cavity between mesoderm and ________________

Important phyla features 3) Evolution of a body cavity Coelomates: body cavity (coelom) develops within mesoderm. Organs suspended in it. ____________: epithelium cells lining coelom

Important phyla features 3) Evolution of a body cavity Problem: cavity needs circulation system (blood) Open system: blood dumped into _________ and mixes with body fluids Closed system: blood kept within ___________

Important phyla features 4) Protostome vs. deuterostome development Paths of embryonic development: does _________ become mouth or anus?

Important phyla features 4) Protostome vs. deuterostome development Other: cleavage pattern, ____________ formation Also: any cell in deuterostome embryo can develop into complete organism, but not protostome

Important phyla features 5) Segmentation Divide body into sections along its length allows ______________ of systems (damage to one not fatal) allows greater movement complexity as ________ expand/contract/interact

Phylogeny of animals Uncertain

Subkingdoms 1) Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack ____________ Phylum Porifera (sponges) 2) Eumetazoa: Have definite shape and symmetry. Have tissues, and usually these organized into organs (groups of tissues with specific structure and function) Radiata: Have 2 embryonic layers. Ectoderm (outer) and endoderm (inner). ___________________. Bilateria: Have 3 embryonic layers: Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm (middle layer). _____________.

Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish

Phylum Porifera Parazoa: Lack symmetry, lack _____________ About 5000 species, almost all marine Larva (immature stage) swims, adult is sessile (attached to ocean bottom) Have multiple cell types, but little ___________ among cells “Glass” sponges from 1400 feet down

Phylum Porifera Osculum: large opening Water flows thru pores, driven by __________ of choanocytes

Phylum Porifera Collar of choanocytes traps food particles (ingested by cell) Digestion __________________ Spicules (hard) and spongin (spongy) fibers

Phylum Porifera Spicules and spongin fibers (protein): give body shape and protection Spicules

Phylum Porifera Other cells: epithelium pore amoebocyte (move about and secrete spicules and spongin fibers)

Phylum Porifera Other cells obtain food by transfer from _______________ Note spongocoel: large internal cavity. NOT a true digestive cavity since digestion intracellular.

Phylum Porifera Body complexity 1) simple (Scypha) 2) intermediate 3) complex (common) Note spongocoel and where choanocytes located in each type. Scypha sponges

Phylum Porifera Reproduction: Asexual by _____________. Can pass some sponges through silk mesh and they’ll reform! Sexual: some _____________ make sperms and eggs, these then make swimming larva Larva settles and starts to grow into mature sponge.

Phylum Porifera Sponge importance/uses: Original source of ________ sponges Greek sponge fishermen and processors (Mediterranean Sea)

Phylum Porifera Sponge importance/uses: Consumers/habitat feature in marine _________ Some contain potentially useful chemicals some toxic to fish and used as insecticides HIV treatment? One sponge chemical interferes with HIV virus Cancer treatment? ______________: compounds that inhibit tumor growth Sponge inhabited by crab

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have tissues Embryos with ectoderm (becomes epidermis tissue and nerves) and endoderm (becomes digestive tissue: gastrodermis). _____________. Note no mesoderm.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Have mouth and digestive (gastrovascular) cavity. Extracellular digestion (can eat big things!). Incomplete digestive tract (no anus). ____________ is tissue (produced by ectoderm) between epidermis and gastrodermis that contains muscles Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack organs

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Almost all marine. About _________ species. Carnivores. Capture prey with stinging tentacles.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Body forms: polyp (sessile) and medusa (swimming) Each with gastrodermis, epidermis, mesoglea

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Many have polyps and medusae as parts of life cycle Make swimming planula larva Example: Obelia Note asexual reproduction of polyps by _________

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Body structure of polyp (Ex, Hydra) Note digestion is extracellular (outside of individual cells) in gut cavity. Individual cells ingest food particles by ________________.

Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Tentacles with stinging cells (cnidocytes). Cnidocytes contain ______________ (harpoon)

Class Hydrozoa (hydroids) Usually with polyp and medusa stages Exs, Obelia (marine), Hydra (freshwater) Bottom view of medusa of Obelia, with _____________, mouth visible.

Class Hydrozoa (hydroids) Ex, Portuguese man-of-war Colony of four types of polyps float polyp feeding polyps tentacle polyps gamete polyps

Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Only about 200 species, _____________ Medusa stage largest part of life cycle Swim using contractions of bell

Class Scyphozoa (jellyfish) Anatomy

Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish) Similar to jellyfish, but tentacles at end of box-shaped body Small group: 20 species.

Class Cubozoa (box jellyfish) Can be deadly. Ex, Australian stinger. Nematocysts packed into rings on tentacles. 100 deaths in last century due to extensive stings

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Largest cnidarian group (6200 species), marine Sea anemones: Have only _________ stage. Solitary (don’t form colony). Make no exoskeleton.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Body a tube: oral disk (with mouth) surrounded by tentacles, pedal disk attaches tube to bottom Pharynx and gastrovascular cavity process ______.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Sea anemone symbionts anemonefishes (28 species): not stung (due to ______ on fish body). Can be species-specific.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Sea anemone symbionts some have algae living in tissues (zooxanthellae) can give anemone color deep sea anemones lack these. The submersible, Alvin A deep sea anemone

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones /corals) Also have only polyp stage but are _____________. Many secrete exoskeleton of calcium carbonate (stony corals).

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Corals: Help form coral reefs.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Stony corals: Have exoskeletons, and many tentacles per polyp.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) Soft corals: Do not have exoskeletons. Have only ______ tentacles per polyp.

Class Anthozoa (sea anemones/corals) _________ examples include gorgonians, leather corals, and sea pens Leather corals (3 ft tall) Sea pens Gorgonians

Coral Reefs Diverse: maybe 1-3 million species present 30% of ocean fish species, ______% of ocean area High productivity Marine “__________”: many fish spend some time (including larval stages) at reefs.

Coral Reefs Recall coral biology: polyps contain photosynthetic dinoflagellate algae (zooxanthellae) Algae produce up to ______% of energy used by polyp.

Coral Reefs Unusually warm water may cause corals to expel _________________ “Bleached” coral may die 1998 El Niño Event: warm water widespread in Tropics. A bleaching coral from Micronesia

Coral Reefs 1998 El Niño event Indian Ocean: up to 85% coral mortality Great Barrier Reef (Australia): 87% of inshore reefs bleached Florida Keys: 40-90% of reefs bleached.

Coral Reefs Many other threats: Global climate change Pollution Sedimentation Overharvesting Blasting (dynamiting): fishing technique

Coral Reefs Many other threats: ________ fishing: capture fish for aquarium trade or for live food fish in oriental markets

Coral Reefs 2002 report (Status of The Coral Reefs of the World 2002) 27% of reefs already severely damaged/destroyed 14% more expected to be severely damaged/destroyed in next 10-20 years August 2003 article (in journal: Science) 30% of coral reefs severely damaged 60% projected severely damaged by 2030.

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Subkingdom Eumetazoa: have ____________ Embryos with ectoderm, endoderm. Have epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea. Member of Radiata: have radial symmetry, lack ___________ Small group: 100 species

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Have mouth and anal pore (complete digestive tract) Have comblike plates of __________, used to swim.

Phylum Ctenophora (comb jellies) Many are ________________

Importance Invasive species North American comb jelly About 10 cm in length Predatory: eats small fish and fish larvae.

Introduced into Black Sea in ship ballast Now in Caspian Sea, some in Mediterranean.

Importance Detected in 1982 By 1989 was ____% of biomass in Black Sea Destroyed $250 million/yr fishery there.

Phylum Survey Phylum Porifera (sponges) Phylum Cnidaria (cnidarians) Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Phylum Nematoda (roundworms) Covered in Lab 6 Sea anemone (Cnidaria) with symbiotic fish

Eumetazoa: Bilaterian Acoelomates Bilateral symmetry Acoelomates: no ___________, but 3 embryonic layers (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm) Focus on Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) 20,000 species. Most (75%) are parasites. Others aquatic or soil terrestrial habitats Marine flatworm Planaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Body solid: only cavity is __________ Gut is incomplete (1 opening). Digestion mainly _________________. Have head, organs. Pharynx: acts as mouth and anus

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Have __________ system (protonephridia, containing flame cells) Control water content, excrete wastes thru excretory pore

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Lack __________ system. All cells must be close to gut or epidermis to receive oxygen and food (gut highly branched to aid this)

Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms) ______________ (hermaphroditic): make both eggs (in ovaries) and sperm (in testes).