BENTHOS Type of Substrate –Hard (Rock) –Soft (Sand or Mud) P.

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Presentation transcript:

BENTHOS Type of Substrate –Hard (Rock) –Soft (Sand or Mud) P

BENTHOS Degree of Wave Shock –High Energy (Rock) –Low Energy (Sand or Mud) P

BENTHOS –Intertidal Duration of Exposure –Leads to zonation –Subtidal –Deep-Sea

15_02a Zonation in a rocky intertidal P

15_02b S PERIWINKLES

15_02g S BARNACLES

15_02i S ANEMONE

15_04 S

15_05b S SEA URCHINS

15_06 S ALGAE

Zonation partly dependent on exposure, but also partly dependent on competition P

East side of the Galveston jetties - notice light green band of algae AND dark green of a different algae S

P

15_08 S SAND BEACH ZONATION less obvious, but still there

15_09a-e S CLAM BURROWING

15_12a S Nematode Head (x804)

15_12b S Amphipod (crustacean)

15_12c S Polychaet (segmented worm)

LIVING STRATEGIES Attached Free Living Burrowing P

15_14a S Kelp (attached)

15_18b S Sponge (attached)

15_15a S Spiny Lobster (free living)

15_16 S Oyster Drill (free living)

S Polychaete (burrowing)

SIZE Macrobenthos - large organisms (lobster) –High biomass, Low productivity Meiobenthos - medium-sized (clam) –Low biomass, High productivity Microbenthos - small-sized (round worms) –Low biomass, High productivity P

15_15a S Macrobenthos

Meiobenthos

15_12a S Microbenthos

CORAL REEFS serve as important habitats in the tropical oceans are populated by about 25% of all fish species are presently in a severe state of decline world-wide from ocean warming, sedimentation and exploitation P

15_17 P Speciation radiates from Indo-Pacific

15_19 S Zonation of Coral Reefs

P Coral Polyps

S Coral Reef Fishes

S

S Coral Atoll

ENERGY TRANSPORT TO DEEP-SEA ORGANISMS Small sinking particles Overlapping ladders of migration Transport from land Large sinking particles P

15_22 P Schematic Food Pathways

15_Ctl S Baited Camera meters

15_Ctr S

15_Ccl S

15_Ccr S

15_Cbl S

15_Cbr S

S

15_01 P DEEP-SEA BIOMASS ONLY ABOUT 1% OF BIOMASS IN SHALLOW WATER - WHY?