World History Chapter 16

 Getting spices, jewels, and silk from Asia to Europe would make one rich, so a search for a shorter route ensued  Few people knew about North and South America  Instruments in helping navigation: Compass and astrolabe (used geometry and astronomy to tell ships latitude)  Ship building improved  Began joint stock companies to combine businesses  Led to mercantilism (economic theory that stated there is a fixed amount of wealth in the world)  Led to colonies being (over) taxed Early Expansion

 Not liked  Uneducated  Father in law: King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella paid for his voyage to “India”  Instead, he landed in San Salvador; he thought he was in India so he called the natives, Indians Christopher Columbus

 Explorers who sailed for Portugal and Spain: 1. Bartolomeu Dias sailed to Cape of Good Hope 2.Vasco da Gama sailed around the Cape of Good Hope to India (and brought back riches) 3.Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed Panama and claimed it for Spain 4.Ferdinand Magellan sailed around the tip of South America (started with 5 ships and only 1 made it back); Magellan was killed by natives; marks the first time anyone sailed around the world  Portugal began capturing Africans and selling them as slaves from the Congo Portugal

Bartolomeu Dias

Vasco da Gama And one of his maps

 Created a colonial empire in North, South, and Central America  Explorers from Spain: 1)Ponce de Leon – explored Florida and claimed for Spain 2)Hernando Cortes – captured Tenochtitlan and killed Montezuma (an Aztec ruler); also brought disease to the Aztecs 3)Francisco Pizarro – captured the Incan empire in Peru; Incan population went from 10 mill to 1.5 mill in only 100 years Spain

Hernando Cortes

Francisco Pizarro

END OF CHAPTER 16!!

World History Chapter 19

 Charles V became king in 1516  In 1556 divided his territory  Charles’ son Phillip II got Spain; Phillip II was a devout Catholic and spent lots of money fighting heresy  Charles’ brother (Ferdinand) became the Holy Roman Emperor  Spain’s economy was based on gold and silver from its colonies  Once the resources dried up, so did the empire  Also, attacks on Spanish ships led to more losses and eventually led to the end of Spanish empire Spain

Charles V Phillip II

 Once Spain declined, the French emerged as a great power  Led by King Henry IV 1.Issued the Edict of Nantes – guaranteeing freedom worship and political rights 2.Appointed Duke of Sully – in charge of finances who got rid of corruption  Henry IV was killed and Louis XIII became king at age 16  Appointed Cardinal Richelieu who destroyed the power of the nobles  He appointed governors to rule over the nobles (which led to the 30 years war) France

Henry IV Louis XIII

 Series of wars  War between the Protestants and the German Catholics  Began when the HRE stopped a protestant rebellion in Bohemia and Protestant German princes and Danes went to war with him  France encouraged the war but did not join sides (to let them kill each other off)  Germany lost 1/3 of its population in the war to disease, famine, and battle  The Treaty of Westphalia was signed at the conclusion  From it, France received Alsace – a territory along the Rhine River (WWII) 30 Years War

 Became independent in 1480 after 200 years of Mongol rule  Because of location, Russia was culturally different than the rest of Europe  Had more Asian influence  Eastern orthodox was main religion  Ivan the Terrible:  Conquered great areas of land for Russia  Later in years became very cruel  Struggle for power after his death  In 1613, the Romanov Dynasty takes control  Led by Michael Romanov  Lasts for 300 years till WWI  Early rebellions because of religious suppression  Serfdom established Russia

Ivan the Terrible Ivan’s actual throne

 Peter the Great:  Ruled from 1682 to 1725  Had epilepsy, cruel, bad temper  Attacked the Ottoman Turks for sea ports  Won sea ports on the Baltic Sea  Modernized Russia – developed army and navy  Moved the capital of Russia from Moscow to St. Petersburg  Improved trade, finance, industry, and government  Changed nobility from being family to service to the government  Next 4 czars: 3 murdered, 1 died of small pox  Catherine the Great continued Peter’s work (gained ports from Poland; gained Siberia, parts of China, and parts of Alaska)  Russia rose to great power because Peter the Great had good leadership, modernized the government and extended the nation’s borders Russia continued…

Peter the Great Catherine the Great

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