1 Cost and Price Models of Scholarly E-Journals Carol Tenopir University of Tennessee
2 What Does it Cost? The Hype “Publish for free on the Internet” “Everything’s digitized…[so] everyone here can get published” “Web self-publishing … [is] poised to push old-school publishing giants aside”
3 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor
4 What Does it Cost? The Reality 1.Article Processing 2.Non-article processing 3. Journal Reproduction 4. Distribution 5.Publishing Support
5 Number of Subscribers Cost/print subscription E-savings 500 5,000 10,000 50,000 $993 $140 $93 $55 11% 37% 52% 84% The minimum price necessary to recover costs at various levels of circulation
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7 Decreases in Personal Subscriptions
8 Why Have Costs Increased? 1)Increase in Articles, Issues, “Pages” 2) Start-up E-system costs 3) Higher labor costs 4)Living in a dual-mode publishing world 5)Publishers’ overhead/market forces
9 Journal Characteristics
10 Journal Characteristics
11 Alternative Cost Models Reduce publishers’ “value add” Reduce publishers’ overhead Institutional/individual contributions
What are the prices?
13 Increase in Expenditures
14 Average Price Per Title: Science Journals Sources: Library Journal, April 15, 2000, and April 15, 2002.
15 Serial & Monograph Expenditures Source: Monograph and Serial Costs in ARL Libraries. Accessed September 30, 2002.
16 Scholarly Publishing at the Crossroads SPARC Society Publishers Commercial Publishers BioMed Central Institutional Repositories E-Print Service Self-Archives
17 Is a Subscription Model Obsolete?
18 Alternative Price Models (Open Access) Pay to publish (Author pays) Institutional repositories Volunteers/good will/self archiving
19 Who Pays Authors Universities Another not-for-profit body Advertisers
20 Three Main Options 1.With Traditional Publishers in traditional ways 2. New Relationship with Publishers 3. Without Traditional Publishers
21 New Relationships SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Researches Coalition) BioMed Central Public Library of Science
22 Without Traditional Publishers Institutional Repositories (“University Archiving”) Self-Archiving E-Print Service (e.g., arXiv.org)
23 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor
24 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher Editor
25 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor Publisher
26 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer Vendor
27 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia Indexer
28 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library Consortia
29 Publishing Chain Reader Author Library
30 Publishing Chain Reader Author
31 What is Needed? Commitment Assurance of quality Assurance of accessibility Adherence to standards Longevity
32 Electronic publishing doesn’t drastically reduce costs Intellectual costs are highest Must work together Multiple co-existing alternatives