27th November 1095 Pope Urban II (p ) preaches the First Crusade at Clermont. Sep/Oct 1096 Peasants’ Crusade annihilated by Saljuqs of Rum. End 1097 “Official” crusading armies reach Constantinople, make agreement with Byzantine emperor, and are shipped across Bosphorus. Timeline

Crusaders defeat Saljuqs of Rum and Danishmendids, take over much of coast. Crusaders set up states at Antioch, Edessa, Tripoli and Jerusalem Kitab al-Jihad (Book of the Holy War) dictated in public by ‘Ali ibn Tahir al-Sulami ( ).

Timeline 1119 Ilghazi of Mardin defeats count of Antioch at Battle of Balat, a.k.a. Ager Sanguinis (Field of Blood) ‘Imad al-Din Zangi (r ) appointed atabeg (military regent) of Mosul. In following years usurps power, takes Aleppo and expands holdings elsewhere but fails to take Damascus. Also directs attacks against crusader states.

1144 Zangi takes Edessa Zangi murdered by slave Reign of Sayf al-Din (at Mosul) Reign of Nur al-Din. Timeline

Word ListTimeline madrasa (religious college) Sufi (Muslim mystic) 1148 Nur al-Din helps foil crusader attack on Damascus Nur al-Din takes Damascus and consolidates hold on Syria.

Timeline 1160s Struggle for control over Egypt Asad al-Din Shirkuh becomes vizier of Egypt, dies a few weeks later. Succeeded by nephew, Salah al-Din Yusuf (Saladin) Reign of Saladin Saladin abolishes Fatimid caliphate after death of caliph al-‘Adid (r ).

Timeline 1174 Death of Nur al-Din. Saladin takes Damascus Saladin takes Aleppo Mosul recognises Saladin’s authority Saladin destroys crusader field army at Hattin. Soon takes much of crusader territory, including Jerusalem.

Timeline 1189 Richard I arrives in Levant Richard and Saladin fight each other to a standstill. Sept 1192 Peace agreement made. Richard leaves Levant. 3rd March 1193 Death of Saladin.

Timeline 1204 Crusaders take Constantinople, set up Latin states in Greece. Crusaders rule in Constantinople until Crusaders attack Egypt Crusaders take Damietta. Al-Kamil (r ) offers to return Jerusalem, but is refused. July 1221 Crusaders driven from Egypt.

Frederick IIYolanda 1228 Frederick II arrives in Levant Frederick negotiates handover of Jerusalem. Timeline

1244 Khwarazmians take Jerusalem Al-Salih (r ) has Khwarazmians annihilated Louis IX attacks Egypt, takes Damietta. Begins advance on Cairo. Al-Salih dies of illness in his tent…

Usama ibn Munqidh ( ) Kitab al-I‘tibar (Book of Learning by Example)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Jami‘ al-Nuri, Hama, Syria (bt ). Plan. (Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1999), p. 129.) Jami‘ al-Nuri. Minaret. (Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, p. 140.) Jami‘ al-Nuri. Inscriptions. (Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, pp two slides.) Jami‘ al-Nuri. Minbar. (Carole Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, p. 157.) Great Mosque, Aleppo (restored ). Courtyard. (A)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Great Mosque, Aleppo. Minaret. (A) Great Mosque, Aleppo. Mihrab and minbar. (A) Great Mosque, Aleppo. Interior of Sanctuary. (A) Funerary madrasa of Nur al-Din (1172). Plan. (A) Funerary madrasa of Nur al-Din. Interior of muqarnas dome. (A) Funerary madrasa of Nur al-Din. Exterior of muqarnas dome. (A) Funerary madrasa of Nur al-Din. Muqarnas domes. (A) Entrance to the citadel of Aleppo, built by the famous Salah al-Din (Saladin, r ). (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Marble water basin. Egypt, 13th c. (Niall Christie, Personal Collection: < waterbasin.jpg>.) Door knocker. Bronze. AD Aleppo. al-Madrasa al-Shadhabakhtiyya. 15.5cm. (F) Mystery object! Bronze. AD Damascus. (F) Alaeddin Camii, Nigde (Anatolia). 13th c. Plan. (F) Alaeddin Camii, Nigde (Anatolia). 13th c. interior. (F) Yirli Mosque - old Byzantine church. Antalya, Turkey (F) Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Front view. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Detail of Minaret. (F) Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Portal. (F) Cifte Minare, Erzurum (Anatolia), Detail of Cifte Minare façade. (F) Cifte Minare, Erzurum (Anatolia), Detail of portal. (F) Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Carved motif. (F) Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Interior courtyard. (F) Cifte Minare Madrasa, Erzurum (Anatolia), Interior courtyard and arcade of Cifte Minare Madrasa, detail of columns. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Gok Medrese, exterior. Sivas, Turkey (F) Ince Minare Madrasa (1258). (Ernst J. Grube, The World of Islam (London: Paul Hamlyn, 1966), p. 79.) Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya (Turkey) Façade and pishtaq. (F) Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya (Turkey). c Detail of façade. (F) Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya (Turkey). c Detail of entrance façade. (F) Ince Minare Madrasa, Konya (Turkey). c Detail. (F) Karatay Madrasa. Konya, Turkey Façade. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Dome of Karatay Madrasa. (Ernst J. Grube, The World of Islam, p. 78.) Karatay Madrasa. Konya, Turkey. 1251/2. Qur’anic inscription: Al ‘Imran. (F) Turbe (tomb-mausoleum) of Hatun Hanien, daughter of Sultan Alaeddin Kay-Qubad I (F) Church of Surp Khach (Holy Cross, ), Aktamar Island, Turkey. (BBC News:.) Tomb of Halima Khatun, (Robert Hillenbrand, Islamic Art and Architecture (London: Thames and Hudson, 1999), p. 118.) Hudavent Hatun turbe Nigde Anatolia. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Detail of turbe of Hudavent Hatun Anatolia. (F) Detail of Church of Surp Khach (Holy Cross), Aktamar Island, Turkey. (BBC News:.) Sultanhane Caravanserai. Anatolia (1229). Detail of portal. (F) Sultanhane Caravanserai. Anatolia. Ceremonial gateway. Caravanserai with Corinthian capitals and zigzag columns (F) Ceramic mihrab: Arslanhane Mosque. Ankara. Seljuq period. 13th c. (F) Decorated vase. Ceramic. 12th c. H = 19.5cm; D = 15.2cm. Lebanon. (F) Bowl with hare. Ceramic. AD Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi. 23 x 11 cm. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Bowl with two women. Faience. AD Hama. 26 x 6.5 cm. (F) A Syrian healing bowl allegedly made for Mahmud ibn Zanki, or the “son of Zangi, also known as Nur al-Din,” ruler of Damascus from th c. (F) Blacas Ewer: brass hammered inlaid silver and copper. Mosul (F) Detail of the Blacas Ewer. Brass, with silver and copper inlay. Mosul “al-Mausili”. (F) Detail of the interior of the so-called “d’Arenberg Basin”, showing what appears to be Christian saints. Syria. c. 1240s. Brass inlaid. 9” high. (F)

Object List F = Ferret, A = Archnet Tapestry-woven tiraz fragment attached to linen. Egypt. Second half of the 12th c. (F) Silk fabric. Turkey (F) Wooden Qur’an stand. Konya, mid-13th c. (Niall Christie, Personal Collection: < FINA224slides/quranstand1.jpg>.) Wooden Qur’an stand. Konya, mid-13th c. (Volkmar Enderlein et al., Museum für Islamische Kunst (Mainz: Verlag Philipp von Zabern, 2001), p. 60.)