Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies CS490 Chapter 4a, Leon, Continued Wavelength Division Multiplexing,

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Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies CS490 Chapter 4a, Leon, Continued Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Circuit Switches, POTS, A little about Telephone Signaling

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies 1 2 m Optical MUX 1 2 m Optical deMUX 1 2. m Optical fiber Figure 4.18 The latest incarnation of FDM: Wavelength Division Multiplexing To pick good wavelengths, look at Fig. 3.45, p 145.

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure 4.19 (Optical signal in a WDM system) could not be reproduced well enough for inclusion. Figure 4.19 Sketch

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies (a) WDM chain network a b c d (b) WDM ring network a b c 3 ADMs Figure 4.20 Optical ADMs in a Fiber Optic Network

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies User 1 Switch Link User n User n-1 (a) Network (b) Switch Control N N Connection of inputs to outputs Figure 4.21 POTS consists of links and circuit switches

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies N N 2  N-1 Figure 4.22 Crossbar Switch; Space-Division Switches Grows as N-squared

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk nxknxk N/n x N/n kxnkxn 1 2 N/n N inputs N/n N outputs 1 2 k 2(N/n)nk + k (N/n) 2 crosspoints kxnkxn kxnkxn kxnkxn Figure 4.23 Multistage switch. Grows as N to the 1.5 power

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies From TDM DeMUX To TDM MUX Read slots in permuted order Figure 4.25 Time Division Switches Usually called Time Slot Interchange Switch (TSI)

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure The Telephone Network: POTS or PSTN Setting up a circuit-switched path for the duration of the call.

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Signal Source Signal Release Signal Destination Go Ahead Message Figure 4.31 Telephone call set up. Note the three phase process that propagates through intermediate points This is an elaboration of the double timing diagram from Test 1.

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies (a) Routing in a typical metropolitan area (b) Routing between two LATAs LATA 1 LATA 2 net 1 net 2 A B C D Figure 4.32 Routing for local and long-distance connections Local Access and Transport Areas Uses LD Carrier nets

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies local telephone office Distribution Frame Serving Area I/f Pedestal feeder cable Switch distribution cable Figure 4.33 POTS access transmission facilities Serving Area Interface

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Original signal Hybrid transformer Received signal Echoed signal Receive pair Transmit pair Figure and 4 wire connections in the telephone network; echos. Hybrid is in the CO or Serving Area Interface Local Loop

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Local analog Local digital Digital trunks Local Switch Tie lines Foreign exchange Channel-switched traffic (digital leased lines) Circuit- switched traffic Digital cross-connect System Figure 4.35

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Physical SONET Topology using ADMs and DCCs Logical Topology Switches see this topology DCC Figure 4.36 ADM Digital cross connect and SONET

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B+D Primary Rate Interface (PRI): 23B+D BRI PRI BRI PRI Circuit Switched Network Channel Switched Network Private Signaling Network Packet Switched Networks Figure 4.37 End to end digital services (ISDN)

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies SPC Control Signaling Message Figure A little about signaling in the POTS Stored program control. A computer runs the switching at Cos.

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Switch Processor Office B Switch Office A Processor Signaling Modem Trunks Figure 4.39 Common Channel Signaling

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies STP SSP Transport Network Signaling Network SSP = Service switching point (signal to message) STP = Signal transfer point (message transfer) SCP = Service control point (processing) SCP Figure 4.40 The signaling network is packet switched!

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies SSP Transport Network External Database Signaling Network Intelligent Peripheral Figure 4.40 The Latest Incarnation: "The Intelligent Network" allows Caller ID, Conferencing, Etc.

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Fewer Trunks Many Lines Figure 4.43

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies N(t) t all trunks busy trunk # Figure 4.44

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies # trunks Blocking Probability offered load Figure 4.45

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Tandem Switch 2 Tandem Switch 1 B C A (b) Trunk group 10 Erlangs between each pair 90 Erlangs E F D B C A (a) E F D Figure 4.46

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Switch High Usage Route Tandem Switch Alternate Route Figure 4.47

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies High Usage Route B-E Tandem Switch 1 Alternate Routes for B-E, C-F High Usage Route C-F Switch A Switch B Switch C Switch E Switch D Switch F Tandem Switch 2 Figure 4.48

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies High Usage Route Alternate Routes Tandem Switch 3 Tandem Switch 1 Tandem Switch 2 Switch A Switch B Figure 4.49

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Carried Load Offered Load Network Capacity Figure 4.50

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies Figure 4.51

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies AC= authentication center BSS= base station subsystem EIR= equipment identity register HLR= home location register wireline terminal MSC PSTN BSS STP SS#7 HLR VLR EIR AC MSC= mobile switching center PSTN= public switched telephone network STP= signal transfer point VLR= visitor location register Figure 4.52

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies LAPD m radio RRM MM CM radio LAPD m RRM LAPD 64 kbps SCCP MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 CM MM RRM 64 kbps LAPD RRM 64 kbps MTP Level 3 MTP Level 2 SCCP UmUm A bis A mobile station base transceiver station base station controller MSC Figure 4.53

Leon-Garcia & Widjaja: Communication Networks Copyright ©2000 The McGraw Hill Companies satellite motion (a) (b) Figure 4.54

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