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Essential Question: How do scientists classify the different kinds of bacteria? Standard: compare characteristics of taxonomic groups including archaea, bacteria (B8C)

Broadest, most inclusive taxon Include: 1.Archaea (unicellular prokaryotes) 2.Bacteria (unicellular prokaryotes) 3.Eukarya (eukaryotes) Domains

3 Domains Archaea Bacteria Eukaryota 6 Kingdoms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Plantae Fungi Animalia Protista

Some words to know… Unicellular: made of one cell Multicellular: made of two or more cells Autotroph: able to produce its own food Heterotroph: obtains nutrients from its environment or other organisms

Domain Bacteria

EUBACTERIA Prokaryotes Unicellular Some may cause DISEASE Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones Serve as decomposers in the environment Used in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.

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9 Live in the intestines of animals copyright cmassengale

Cell Phones: The Bacteria Collector

Domain Archaea

ARCHAEABACTERIA Prokaryotes Unicellular Believed to be the first cells to evolve Live in HARSH environments Found in: –Sewage Treatment Plants (Methanogens) –Thermal or Volcanic Vents (Thermophiles) –Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid –Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake) - Halophiles

13 ARCHAEAN copyright cmassengale

Organisms in the Eubacteria kingdom are unicellular prokaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a membrane bound nucleus or membrane bound organelles. Eubacteria are found in all habitats. The cell walls of Eubacteria contain the chemical peptidoglycan. Some eubacteria remain independent as single cells and other group into colonies. Eubacteria reproduce asexually through cell division. Some eubacteria are autotrophic, making their own food, and others are heterotrophic, taking in nutrients from their environment. Eubacteria can cause various diseases, from strep throat to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, but they can also be very helpful. Lactobacillus is used to help make foods like cheese and yogurt, and is also present in the human digestive system. Decomposing organic matter and cycling nitrogen are also important functions of eubacteria.

Organisms in the Archaebacteria kingdom are unicellular prokaryotes. They have no membrane bound nucleus or organelles in their single celled bodies. Archaebacteria are similar in size and shape to eubacteria. The cell walls of archaebacteria are different from both eubacteria and eukaryotes because they do not contain the chemical peptidoglycan. Like eubacteria, archaebacteria reproduce asexually through cell division. They can also be autotrophic, making their own food, or heterotrophic, obtaining food from their environment, just like eubacteria. Some archaebacteria are extremeophiles, living in extreme environments such as in hot springs, extremely acidic environments, polar seas, and even in extremely salty water.

Kingdom EubacteriaArchaebacteria Cell Type? (Prokaryote or Eukaryote) Prokaryotic Unicellular or Multicellular? Unicellular Autotroph or Heterotroph? Autotroph or Heterotroph Cell Wall? Yes, with peptidoglycan Yes, without peptidoglycan Example All Habitats E. coli Extreme environments

Fill in the chart using the information from your notes. After that, “enhance” your chart using the following colors: Prokaryote vs Eukaryote: Color eukaryotic boxes blue Color prokaryotic boxes yellow. Unicellular vs Multicellular: Color unicellular boxes purple Color multicellular boxes orange Color the both boxes half purple and half orange. Autotroph or Heterotroph: Color heterotrophic boxes red Color autotrophic boxes green Color the both boxes half red and half green. Cell Wall: Color the yes boxes grey Color the no boxes light blue Color the both boxes half grey and half light blue.

Which kingdom am I?

Walking pneumonia is often the result of a lung infection from a bacterial microorganism called Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Cases of walking pneumonia are most common in the late summer and fall. But infections can occur with no particular pattern throughout the year. And, even though the disease is contagious, it spreads slowly. The contagious period in most cases lasts less than 10 days. Researchers also think it takes prolonged close contact with an infected person for someone else to develop walking pneumonia; still, there are widespread outbreaks every four to eight years. When those outbreaks occur, walking pneumonia can account for as many as one out of every two cases of pneumonia. Symptoms include: Cough that may come in violent spasms but produce very little mucus Mild flu-like symptoms such as fever and chills Sore throat Headache Tiredness Lingering weakness that may persist after other symptoms go away Some people with walking pneumonia may also have an ear infection, anemia, or a skin rash.

Halophiles These are salt-loving bacteria that grow in places like the Great Salt Lake of Utah or salt ponds on the edge of San Francisco Bay. Large numbers of certain halophiles can turn these waters a dark pink. Pink halophiles contain a pigment very similar to the rhodopsin in the human retina. They use this visual pigment for a type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen. Halophiles are aerobes and perform aerobic respiration. The waters of Lake Owens in California

Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Gonorrhea Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a bacterium. Gonorrhea can grow easily in the warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract. The bacterium can also grow in the mouth, throat, eyes, and anus. Common symptoms in men include a burning sensation when urinating, or a white, yellow, or green discharge from the penis that usually appears 1 to 14 days after infection. Most women with gonorrhea do not have any symptoms. Even when a woman has symptoms, they are often mild and include a painful or burning sensation when urinating, increased vaginal discharge, or vaginal bleeding between periods. Women with gonorrhea are at risk of developing serious complications from the infection, even if symptoms are not present or are mild.complications

Thermus aquaticus: Thermophiles These are bacteria from hot springs and other high temperature environments. Some can grow above the boiling temperature of water. They are anaerobes, performing anaerobic respiration. Thermophiles are interesting because they contain genes for heat-stable enzymes that may be of great value in industry and medicine. An example is taq polymerase, the gene for which was isolated from a collection of Thermus aquaticus in a Yellowstone Park hot spring. Taq polymerase is used to make large numbers of copies of DNA sequences in a DNA sample. It is invaluable to medicine, biotechnology, and biological research. Annual sales of taq polymerase are roughly half a billion dollars.

Treponema pallidum: Syphilis The appearance of a single sore marks the first (primary) stage of syphilis symptoms. The sore appears at the location where syphilis entered the body. The sore is usually firm, round, and painless. The sore lasts 3 to 6 weeks and heals regardless of whether or not a person is treated. Large, raised, gray or white lesions may develop in warm, moist areas such as the mouth, underarm or groin region. Sometimes rashes associated with secondary syphilis are so faint that they are not noticed. Other symptoms include fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and fatigue. The symptoms of secondary syphilis will go away with or without treatment. Symptoms of the late stage of syphilis include difficulty coordinating muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementia. In the late stages of syphilis, the disease damages the internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints. This damage can result in death.