Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Precision Experiments with Exotic Nuclei at Relativistic Energies Hans Geissel, GSI and JLU Giessen  Introduction  Precision Measurements: a) with the Magnetic Spectrometer (FRS) b) with the Storage Ring (ESR)  Super-FRS, the Next-generation Facility

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 ISOL and In-FLight Facilities in Europe Björn Jonson (2000)

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Production of Exotic Nuclei at relativistic Energies

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Kinematics of Projectile Fragmentation and Fission

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Secondary Nuclear Beam Facility at GSI FRS: In-flight Separator & High-Resolution Spectrometer 1.Decay Spectroscopy, High-resolution momentum measurements Reactions Studies (Complete Kinematics) 2.Masses, Lifetimes, Direct Reactions, Isomeric Beams SIS

Advantages of Projectile Fragmentation and – Fission at Relativistic Energies (0.5-1GeV/u) High luminosity Thick targets ( 5 g/cm 2 ) In -flight separation Time limit 200 ns  T 1/2, q=Z Single-atom spectroscopy (pb range) Mono-isotopic beams of all elements Cocktail beams, optional Kinematic focusing Injection into storage rings Full solid angle coverage Complete kinematics reaction experiments Simple reaction Sudden approach mechanism Glauber model G. Münzenberg Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sc. 45

E 01,E 02,E 03 Incident energy shifts do not show up at the final focus Target E1E1 E2E2 E3E3 The FRS as an Energy-Loss Spectrometer

IONAS The Projectile Fragment Separator FRS

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Target 1000 MeV/u 12 C 12 C + Be  8 B 8B8B 1500 MeV/u 12 C 8 B + C  7 Be 7 Be Nuclear Structure via Precise Momentum Measurements at Relativistic Energies I. Tanihata et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 55 (1985) 2676 P.G. Hansen, B. Jonson Eur. Phys. Lett. 4 (1987) 409 W. Schwab et al. Z. Phys. A350, 283 Knockout Reactions lead to Discovery of Halo-Nuclei

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Halo Studies: Momentum Measurements in Coincidence with Gamma Ray Emission. 8 B  7g Be  Spectroscopic factors D. Cortina-Gil et al. Phys. Lett. B529 (2002) 36 87% 13% GSI and MSU Data P.G. Hansen Be*

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 1n Knock-out Reaction of 23 O: Momentum Measurements in Coincidence with  Ray Emission 23 g O: J  =1/2 +, existence of a shell-closure at N=16. D. Cortina-Hill et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. (2004) 938 MeV/u 23 O + C  22 O + 

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Monoisotopic Fragment Beams Stored in the ESR Experimental Facilities

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Precision Mass Measurements in the ESR Isochronous Mass SpectrometrySchottky Mass Spectrometry

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Schottky Mass Spectrometry 950 MeV/u 209 Bi + Be  Projectile Fragments New and Reference Masses in the same Spectrum High Resolution and Sensitivity accuracy: 30 keV

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Decay of Single Atoms Stored in the ESR frequency [Hz] noise power density a.u. Yu. Litvinov

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Accuracy of Schottky Mass Measurements T. Radon, Yu. Litvinov σ = 30 keV SMS 2003

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Results compared with Theory  rms = 650 keV S. Goriely et al. PR C

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Predictive Power of the Relativistic Mean Field Model (RMF)  rms = 3831 keV G.A. Lalazissis et al. ADNDT 71 (1999)1 even-even nuclei, NL3,  rms = 2.6 MeV Yu. Litvinov

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Isospin Dependence of Pairing 2. Pairing-Gap energy, deduced from 5-point binding difference

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 New Mass Values compared with Theory Yu. Litvinov M. Matos Preliminary 238 U Fission Fragments 209 Bi Projectile Fragments

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Schottky Mass Spectrometery: Results: 285 new masses Mass accuracy: 30 keV Mass resolving power: 2 ∙10 6 T 1/2 : > 1s Isochronous Mass Spectrometry: Results: 40 new masses Mass accuracy: ≈ keV Mass resolving power: 1 ∙10 5 T 1/2 : > 10  s Mass Spectrometry:Summary and Goals 1.Shell evolution 2.N=Z nuclei 3.Pairing 4.r-, rp- paths

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Lifetime Measurements of Short-lived Nuclei Applying Stochastic and Electronic Cooling 207m Tl Tl Pb 81+ Bound-state Beta-Decay of 207 Tl Pb Tl m Tl 81+

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Combination of stochastic and electron cooling D. Boutin, PhD

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Lifetime Measurements of 207m Tl  Shorter cooling time allowed to see isomeric state of 207 Tl (E * = 1348 keV, half-life of 1.33 ± 0.11 s for neutral atom)  Measured half-life of bare nuclei, transformed in the rest frame:

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 Half-life Measurements of 207 Tl 81+ Bound-state Beta Decay D. Boutin, PhD

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 Key-Results from FRS Experiments New Fission Studies New Mass Measurements 2-p Radioactivity Halo Nuclei Bound-state  - -decay Pionic Atoms New Fission Fragments Shells far off Stability Skin Nuclei 100 Sn 78 Ni 8B8B 11 Li Giant Dipole Resonance Advantages of High Energies NP A665 (2000) 221 NP A667 (2000) 75 EPJ A14 (2002) 279 PRL 86 (2001) 5442 PRL 91 (2003) to be published PL B 444 (1998) 32 PRL 88 (2002) NP A720 (2003) 3 PR C65 (2002)064603

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 The Present Rare Isotope Facility at GSI  Low primary beam intensity (e.g U /s)  Low transmission for projectile fission fragments (4-10% at the FRS)  Low transmission for fragments into the storage ring and to the experimental areas  Limited maximum magnetic rigidity FRS: for U-like ESR:cooler performance and to deflect break-up fragments)  Limited space in front of the production target  Limited space at the experimental area 1  Limited space at the ESR injection area 2  Beam-line magnets, area 3, are not designed for fragment beams Limitations

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 FAIR: The International Accelerator Facility for Beams of Ions and Antiprotons NuSTAR Facility

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 Layout of the Super-FRS The main technical challenges are at the Pre-Separator Design Parameters

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 Experiments with Low-energy and Stopped beams  Laser spectroscopy  Decay spectroscopy  Ion and atom traps

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 The high-energy branch of the Super-FRS: Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams Goals: identification, tracking and momentum measurement,  p/p ~10 -4 exclusive measurement of the final state: - coincident measurement of neutrons, protons, gamma-rays, light recoil particles applicable to a wide class of reactions The setup

Hans Geissel, Pisa05 RESR CR NESR ELISe Gas target EXL ILIMA Super-FRS Future

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 EXotic nuclei studied in Light-ion induced reactions at the NESR storage ring (EXL) Elastic (p,p), ( ,  ) … Inelastic (p,p’), ( ,  ’)... Transfer (d,p), (p,t) … Charge exchange ( 3 He,t), … Quasi-free (p,2p), (p, p  ) … ~ 0.1 …. 0.8 GeV/u Key issues: matter distribution (halo,skin) shell structure nn correlations, cluster new collective modes r-, rp-process (GT, capture..) in-medium interactions in asymmetric and low-density matter Why light-ion scattering ? - select specific spin-isospin transitions ! - transition form factor sensitive to multipolarity ! - low nuclear absorption ! Why in a storage ring ? - information on form factor at low momentum transfer  very thin (windowless) target  gain luminosity ! beam cooling beam recirculation (NESR ~ 10 6 s -1 )  high resolution (recoil kinematics) negligible straggling effects in target and electron cooling Why light-ion scattering ? - select specific spin-isospin transitions ! - transition form factor sensitive to multipolarity ! - low nuclear absorption ! Why in a storage ring ? - information on form factor at low momentum transfer  very thin (windowless) target  gain luminosity ! beam cooling beam recirculation (NESR ~ 10 6 s -1 )  high resolution (recoil kinematics) negligible straggling effects in target and electron cooling

NUSTAR: Letters of Intent Low Energy Branch HISPEC- High-resolution in-flight spectroscopy DESPEC- Decay spectroscopy with implanted beams MATS - Precision measurements of very short-lived nuclei using an advanced trapping system for highly-charged ions LASPEC - LASER spectroscopy for the study of nuclear properties NCAP - Neutron-capture measurements Exo+pbar- Antiprotonic radioactive nuclides High Energy Branch R3B - A universal setup for kinematical complete measurements of Reactions with Relativistic Radioactive Beams Ring Branch ILIMA- Study of Isomeric Beams, Lifetimes and Masses EXL- Exotic nuclei studied in light-ion reactions at the NESR storage ring ELISe- Electron-Ion scattering in a Storage Ring (eA collider) Spectroscopy of Pionic Atoms with Unstable Nuclei Antiproton-Ion Collider: A tool for the measurement of neutron and proton rms radii of stable and radioactive nuclei.

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 u Studies of exotic nuclei will contribute significantly to the basic knowledge of matter. uPrecision experiments with stored exotic nuclei open up a new field for nuclear structure physics and astro- physics. uThe next–generation facility will present unique conditions for research and education. u There are many technical challenges inviting especially also the next-generation scientists. Summary

Hans Geissel, Pisa-05 Let us move to the common future of NuSTAR Physics at FAIR!