Cell Structure and function

Eukaryotic Cell Structure What are the major cell structures? What are their functions?

(cell link). Reinforce your knowledge of organelles by playing the games and completing the activities at the websites posted

In the human body, organs perform specialized jobs. For example, the heart transports blood. In cells, tiny ___________ carry out specialized jobs. 1.tissues 2.Organ systems 3.organelles 4.Organ systems 20

What is the function of the mitochondria? 1.Make lipids 2.Make proteins 3.Control the cell 4.Make energy

What is the function of ribosomeS? 1.Make lipids 2.Make proteins 3.Control the cell 4.Package and transport materials

Which of the following organelles are found only in plant cells? 1.Mitochondria 2.Chloroplast 3.Golgi apparatus 4.Lysosomes

Which of the following cells do not have nuclei? 1.Plant 2.Animal 3.Eukaryote 4.Prokaryote

Where is dna located in a eukaryotic cell? 1.Mitochondria 2.Nucleus 3.Cytoplasm 4.Golgi Apparatus

All cells have 1.Nucleus 2.Endoplasmic reticulum 3.Cell Wall 4.Cell Membrane

How well do you know the organelles and their functions? A.I can recall all of the organelles, their functions, where they are in the cell and how they work together. B.I can recall all of the organelles but am unclear on how some of them work. C.I remember the names of many organelles but don’t know their functions. D.I only remember a few organelles.

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

ProkaryotesEukaryotesBoth No nucleus Smaller and simpler cells No membrane bound organelles Most primitive form of life on Earth Example: bacteria Nucleus Larger and more complex cells Have membrane bound organelles Examples: Plants Animals Fungi Protists – single celled (unicellular) organisms Living things DNA Ribosomes Cytoplasm Cell membrane

Describe the differences, similarities and evolutionary links between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. List four things that are different between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Put these differences in order from most important to least important.

What is a membrane bound structure that contains genetic material and controls many of the cell’s activities? 1.Prokaryote 2.Eukaryote 3.Nucleus 4.Cell membrane

Which of the following cells do not contain a nucleus? 1.Animal cell 2.Plant cell 3.Bacterial cell

Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes 1.have a nucleus 2.have DNA 3.have membrane bound organelles 4.are the same size

True or false? Eukaryotes are cells that do not have a nucleus. 1.True 2.False

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)? 1.bacteria 2.protists 3.Fungi like yeasts & molds 4.Mushroom-bearing fungi 5.Plants like trees 6.Animals like brine shrimp or small insects

How well do you know the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells? A.I can recall and explain all of the major differences and similarities. B.I can list all of the major differences and similarities. C.I only know a few major differences or similarities. D.I don’t remember the differences between these two types of cells.

Prokaryotes have no membrane bound organelles, including nuclei, in their cells. Eukaryote cells contain membrane bound organelles in the cells Prokaryoteeukaryote Naked DNADNA in membrane bound nucleus Ribosomesribosomes Cytoplasmcytoplasm (cytosol) Cytoskeletoncytoskeleton Plasma membraneplasma membrane Cell wall (some)Cell wall ( some protists, all plants, & fungi) Flagella & cilia (some)flagella & cilia (some) All: golgi, smooth & rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, vacuoles, lysosomes or peroxisomes, mitochondria some: chloroplasts

Animals and plants are always multicellular with specialized (they look different & function differently) cells. Most protists are unicellular organisms, although some are colonial (cells are clumped together but do not depend on each other or do specialized jobs) Cells in a leaf cells in gut Yeasts, molds (fungi) mushroom protists

Which type of eukaryotes are often single celled (unicellular)? 1.bacteria 2.protists 3.Fungi like yeasts & molds 4.Mushroom-bearing fungi 5.Plants like trees 6.Animals like brine shrimp or small insects 10

Note these drawings of animal and plant cells. Which does NOT have a cell wall outside it’s plasma membrane? Fungi also have cell walls; so do some protists and some bacteria. Cells walls are made of cellulose in plants, chitin in fungi, peptidoglycan in eubacteria. Cell walls extra support & extra protection for cells.

Cell walls protect cells from bursting and provide them support against pressure (so they don’t get crushed). Which kingdom (the only one) NEVER has cell walls? 1.Animal 2.Archaebacteria 3.Eubacteria 4.Fungi 5.Protists 6.plants

The job of a cell wall is to: 1.Protect and provide support 2.Allow cells to photosynthesize 3.Surround the cytoplasm

Cell walls in plants are made out of? 1.chitin 2.cellulose 3.Phospholipid bilayers 4.Peptidoglycan 5.proteins

Which structure is found in (specific to) a plant cell,but not an animal cell. 1.Chloroplasts 2.lysosomes 3.mitochondria 4.Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 5.Smooth ER (SER) 6.Cell walls 20

Which is the organelle that holds the cells DNA (its genome) and is the control center of the cell? 1.centriole 2.mitochondria 3.nucleolus 4.Nucleus 5.cytoplasm 20

What molecules inside the nucleus allow it to serve as the cell’s control center? 1.DNA 2.carbohydrates 3.proteins 4.Lipids 5.RNA 20

When DNA in the nucleus is only visible as grains or tangled strands, it is called: 1.chromosomes 2.chromatin 3.nucleolus 4.Nuclear pores 20

When DNA is wrapped around _________called histones, it is called chromatin. When chromatin is packed tightly enough to be visible, it is called a chromosome. 1.carbohydrates 2.lipids 3.proteins 4.Nucleic acids 20

When you view eukaryotic cells via light microscopy, you see a small dark, dense region inside the nucleus. It is called the: 1.ribosome 2.nucleolus 3.nucleoplasm 4.Nuclear membrane 5.Nuclear pore 20

These organelles are assembled in nucleoli. 1.golgi 2.ribosomes 3.vacuoles 4.lysosomes 15

The nuclear envelope is made of a double layer of ___________ surrounding the nucleus. 1.proteins 2.Nucleic acids 3.carbohydrates 4.phospholipids 20

The structure composed of a network of protein filaments whose job is supporting the cell’s shape, allowing cell movement, & moving organelles inside the cell is the: 1.Cell membrane 2.Cell wall 3.Cytoskeleton 4.Cilium, flagellum 20

Match the cytoskeletal protein filaments to their correct functions: 1.Microtubules, form flagella, cilia & centrioles, while actin microfilaments allow cells to change shape like during cytokinesis or amoeba’s extending pseudopodia 2.Actin microfilaments, form flagella, cilia & centrioles 3.Microtubules, attach to cell membranes to allow cells to move with pseudopodia (false feet) 20

What is the difference between Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and SER? 1.SER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell 2.RER is used to transport material from place to place inside the cell 3.SER is a tube made of cell membrane 4.Ribosomes attached to RER inject proteins into it, then enzymes modify the proteins. 30

Which is true of peroxisomes & lysosomes? 1.Contain enzymes to make lipids 2.Break down & recycle old cell structures & contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest lipids, carbohydrates & proteins 3.Modify proteins 4.Store genetic information 30

Ribosomes 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-- marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tubes whose enzymes construct components of membranes (SER) or modify proteins (RER) 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled w/ digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Golgi apparatus: 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-- marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Lysosomes: 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-- marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Vacuoles: 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-- marking them for export to the cell membrane—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Chloroplasts: 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins--marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 30

Mitochondria: 1.Use light energy to make carbohydrates 2.Attach carbohydrate & lipid chains to proteins-- marking them for export to final destinations—looks like a stack of pancakes. 3.Make ATP to allow cells to use energy in food 4.Are membrane tube s whose enzymes construct components of membranes & modify proteins 5.Are membrane sacs used for storage 6.Synthesize proteins following gene instructions 7.Are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes used to break down food to smaller particles or to recycle worn out organelles. 20

What cells contain chloroplasts, organelles that carry out photosynthesis? 1.autotrophic bacteria 2.Plants & plant like protists 3.Animals & animal like protists 4.Fungi & fungal like protists 20

True or False. Mitochondria & chloroplasts are surrounded by a single cell membrane. 1.true 2.false 15

What two organelles contain their own genetic information in the form of small circular DNA molecules called plasmids? 1.Golgi, nucleoi 2.Mitochondria, chloroplasts 3.RER, SER 4.Centrioles, flagella 15

Endosymbiotic theory states that the ___________ & ___________ likely arose through evolution of ancient prokaryotes that escaped digestion after being eaten by ancient animal-like bacteria. 1.Nuclei & nucleoli 2.RER, SER 3.Flagella, cilia 4.Chloroplasts, mitochondria 30

Cells are like factories Cytoskeleton—supports structure & provides ramps for moving material like steel beams Nucleus—control center due to the DNA—the main office Ribosome—makes proteins using blueprints from DNA (like a machine in a factory) Golgi/ER—modify proteins, like a customization shop Chloroplasts—provide energy from sun, a solar power plant Mitochondria—provide energy cell uses directly by breaking down glucose (like an oil burning furnace)

If you order an automobile with special paint, it’s added in the factory’s customization department. What cell organelles serve this customization function for proteins? 1.Nucleus, nucleolus 2.Mitochondria, vacuoles 3.RER, golgi 20

find organelles in plant and animal cells with these diagrams

Why do plants contain a large central vacuole that can fill with water? 1.To store water for use when the soil is dry 2.To support the weight of the plant (turgor pressure) 3.Both 1 & 3 20

What cell organelles store materials like water, lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and salts? 1.vacuoles 2.vesicles 3.golgi 4.mitochondria 20

In the animal-like protist, Paramecium, which organelle pumps out excess water to prevent the cell from bursting? 1.Cell wall 2.Central vacuole 3.Contractile vacuole 20

What type of molecule, in addition to ribosomal proteins, makes up a ribosome? 1.DNA 2.rRNA 3.lipid 4.Carbohydrate 5.steroid 20

What is the job of a mitochondrian? 1.Convert light energy to chemical energy 2.Store carbohydrates 3.Break down & recycle wastes 4.Convert chemical energy in food to chemical energy in a form useable by cells, ATP 20

Which cells contain mitochondria? 1.Prokaryotic cells 2.Animal cells 3.Plant cells 4.Fungal cells 5.Protist cells 6.Cells in all eukaryotic kingdoms 20

What cells contain chloroplasts? 1.Photosynthetic bacteria 2.Plants & plant like protists 3.Animals & animal like protists 4.Fungi & fungal like protists 20

True or false. Cells that are involved in detoxification have lots of SER because this network of tubes contains the enzymes used to degrade toxins. True (e.g., in the liver)

True or false: cells making large amounts of proteins (like hormones) for export would have large amounts or RER and golgi. True. This targets the molecules in transport vesicles to the membrane for exocytosis.

Which organelles are really extensions of the cytoskeleton (made of microtubules) that slide via action of motor proteins and allow cells to move? Cilia—smaller—usually present in high numbers Flagella—longer—usually present alone or in pairs.

Peroxisomes are organelles that contain hydrogen peroxide. This strong oxidizing agent breaks up materials for cell defense (like ingested bacteria or viruses). The enzyme peroxidase (catalase) in the cytoplasm of cells with peroxisomes serves to neutralize any peroxide that escapes.