PARASITOLOGY Prepared by : Reem Aldossari

 The Protozoa are the simplest and most primitive animals.  They live either singly or in colonies. Some are parasitic.  They are usually defined as "unicell­ular" animals. General characteristics

Amoeba Habitat: freshwater ponds. Means of locomotion: pseudopodia. Reproduction mechanism: asexually by binary fission, and under unfavourable conditions it encysts. Shape and characteristics: quite irregular in shape; the body changes its shape constantly with the formation and withdrawal of the pseudopodia. Kingdom :Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina Genus : Amoeba Species :Amoeba

nucleus Contractile vacuole Food vacuoles Ectoplasm pseudopodia Endoplasm

Entamoeba histolytica: causes amoebic dysentery. Life cycle: The trophozoite: feeding- dividing form) It has one pseudopodia). Cyst: have 4 nuclei (infective stages( Infective stage: Cyst. Mode of infection: contamination of food and water with cyst. Characteristic features: Cyst have 4 nuclei. Trophozoite have RBCs in their vacuoles. Kingdom :Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina Genus: Endamoeba Species: Endamoeba histolytica Entamoeba histolytica

Endamoeba coli: does not cause any known disease Habitat: large intestine of human. Characteristics: mature cysts have 8 nuclei Entamoeba coli Kingdom :Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Sarcodina Genus: Endamoeba Species: Endamoeba coli

Kingdom :Protista Phylum : Sarcomastigophora Subphylum : Mastigophora Class : Phytomastigophora Genus : Euglena Habitat: ponds and stagnant water. Characteristics: Green in colour (have chloroplasts) Means of locomotion: flagellum Repro­duction: asexually by long­itudinal binary fission and is able to form a cyst. Euglena

Flagellum Eyespot Nucleus Chloroplast Second flagellum

Kingdom : Protista Phylum: Ciliophora Genus: Paramecium Means of locomotion: cilia Habitat: freshwater ponds where decaying organic matter is abundant, feeding on it and on bacteria and other micro- organisms. Reproduction: asexually by transverse binary fission, and sexually by conjugation. Characteristics: the numerous cilia covering the whole surface of the body. They have two contractile vacuoles and two nuclei: a large oval macro­nucleus (for vegetative functions), and a small micronucleus (for reproduc­tion). Paramecium

Kingdom : Protista Phylum: Sarcomastigophora Subphylum: Mastigophora Class: Zoomastigophora Genus: Trypanosoma Species: gambiense Trypanosoma gambiense Intermediate host: insect or leech Habitat in intermediate host: alimentary canal Definite host: human. Habitat in definite host: blood of man Causes the disease: sleeping sickness. Means of locomotion: flagellum. Feeding habits: absorbing the nutrient subs­tances from the host. Reproduction: reproduce asexually by longitudinal binary fission. Major characteristics: long slender, undulating a whip-like flagellum. Trypanosoma

Kingdom: Protista Phylum: Apicomplexa Class: Sporozoa Genus: plasmodium Species: Plasmodium malaria Trophozoite: habitat: live intracellu­larly in the blood corpuscles of its vertebrate host. Causes the disease: malaria fever to man. Vector: a mosquito belonging to the genus Anopheles. Plasmodium malariae

Ring stage Trophozoite Merzoites stage Release of merozoites Life cycle:

Trophzoite stage Release of merozoites Ring stage Macrogametocyte Microgametocyte Formation of Merozoites

الأميبا (Amoeba) 1- نواة Nucleus 2- أرجل كاذبة Pseudopodia 3- فجوة غذائية Food vacuole 3 1 2

3 2 1 حوصلة انتاميبا كولاي Entamoeba coli 1- جدار الحويصلة Cyst Wall 2- (4-8) أنوية 4-8 Nuclei 3- سيتوبلازم Cytoplasm

3 2 1 حوصلة انتاميبا هستوليتكا Entamoeba histolytica 1- جدار الحويصلة Cyst Wall 2- (1-4) أنوية 1-4 Nuclei 3- سيتوبلازم Cytoplasm اعداد الأستاذة / أفراح الخريجي

اليوجلينا (Euglena) 1- السوط Flagellum 2- فجوة متقبضة Contractile vacuole 3- نواة Nucleus 1 2 3

التريبانوسوما (Trypanosoma) 1- كريات دم حمراء Red blood cell 2- السوط Flagellum 3- غشاء متموج Undulating membrane 4- نواة Nucleus

البلازموديوم Plasmodium 1- الطور الحلقي Ring Stage 2- كريات دم حمراء Red blood cell 2 1

البلازموديوم Plasmodium 1- الطور الأميبي Amoeboid stage 2- كريات دم حمراء Red blood cell 2 1

2 1 البلازموديوم Plasmodium 1- الشيزونت ( تكوين الميروزيتات ) Schizonte(formation of merozoites) 2- كريات دم حمراء Red blood cell

2 1 البلازموديوم Plasmodium 1- إنطلاق الميروزيتات Release of merozoites 2- كريات دم حمراء Red blood cell

البراميسيوم (Paramecium) 1- أهداب Cilia 2- نواة كبيرة macronucleus 3- نواة صغيرة micronucleus 4- فجوة متقبضة Contractile vacuole 4

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