Marriage Public Policy Why Public Officials Should Support Marriage By James E. Sheridan

Single vs. Married Men “Single men who are heading toward marriage reduce their drinking up to a year before the ceremony, so that although they start with the same heavy drinking patterns as their friends who stay single, by the time they marry they drink much less than they did a year earlier…. “Apparently young men’s values change as they move from bachelors to husbands, with the change taking place gradually as they develop a closer relationship with the woman they will marry.” (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Single vs. Married Men (2) “Young men who were light drinkers, moderate drinkers and heavy drinkers prior to marrying, all drink less after they marry than they did before (Bachman, Wadsworth, O’Malley, Honson, and Schulenberg, 1997; Miller-Tutzauer et al., 1991). This evidence says…that marriage causes these changes in men’s behavior. Getting married moves men away from destructive and unhealthy drinking behavior and towards moderation or abstinence.” (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Single vs. Married Men (3) And, it’s not just alcohol. “Both young men and women smoked less,…and snorted less cocaine,” during the year before marriage. Marijuana use, which tends to drop after high school anyway, drops 2 to 3 times more rapidly for those who marry compared to those who do not. (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Married and Engaged Couples are Less Likely to be Violent 3-4% of married couples 11-12% of engaged cohabitors 13-15% of “disengaged” cohabitors Tabulations from the National Survey of Families and Households,

Dr. Linda Waite: “The research clearly shows that, outside of hying thee to a nunnery, the safest place for a woman is inside marriage.” (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher, page 152 )

Married Women are Safer Single and divorced women: 4-5 times more likely to be victims of crimes of violence. 10times more likely to be raped 3times more likely to be victims of aggravated assault than wives. (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher, page 152 )

Married Men are Safer Bachelors are 4 times more likely to be victims of crimes of violence than husbands. (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher, page 152 )

Fatal Abuse of Children in Canadian study: “Children two years of age and younger are 70 to 100 times more likely to be killed at the hands of their stepparents than by their biological parents. (Younger children, because of their small size, are much more vulnerable.) The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder

Fatal Abuse of Children in British study: “The data from Britain predict a smaller risk, but this research is not as rigorous as the Canadian study. The British study reports that fatal abuse of children of all ages occurs three times more frequently in stepfamilies than in intact married families.” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder

Neglected Children “Neglect of children…is twice as high among separated and divorced parents.” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder

Rate of Sexual Abuse of Girls “The rate of sexual abuse of girls by their stepfathers is at least six or seven times higher…than sexual abuse of daughters by their biological fathers who remain in intact families.” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder

Families in the U.S. where the father is absent make up: 63% of youth suicides 71% of all high school dropouts 75% of all adolescent substance abuse patients 70% of juveniles in state-operated institutions. The Critical Importance Of Responsible Fatherhood, Murray Davis, Chairman, Dad’s of Michigan, to the Joint House Committee Hearings, November 5, 2001, Detroit, Michigan

Families in the U.S. where the father is absent make up: 85% of all persons incarcerated in prisons 85% of children exhibiting behavior disorders 90% of all homeless and runaway children The Critical Importance Of Responsible Fatherhood, Murray Davis, Chairman, Dad’s of Michigan, to the Joint House Committee Hearings, November 5, 2001, Detroit, Michigan

Absent Biological Father And Criminal Behavior “A (1998) U.S. longitudinal study which tracked over 6,400 boys over a period of 20 years (well into their adult years) found that children without biological fathers in the home are roughly three times more likely to commit a crime that leads to incarceration than are children from intact families.” The Heritage Foundation, Backgrounder, page 6

Impact on Daughters “Daughters raised outside of intact marriages are approximately three times more likely to end up young, unwed mothers than are children whose parents married and stayed married.” Why Marriage Matters, page 3

Dr. Judith Wallerstein: “Early sex was very common among girls in the divorced families and has been described in several national studies. In our study, one in five had her first sexual experience before the age of 14. Over half were sexually active with multiple partners during their high school years. In the comparison group, the great majority of girls postponed sex until the last year of high school or their early years of college.” The Unexpected Legacy of Divorce, Judith Wallerstein, PhD, p. 189

Children with Married Parents Do Better Half as likely to drop out of high school More likely to go to college & to graduate Half as likely to have a teen birth Less likely to have emotional problems

Children in Poverty Children 0-6 Years Old Living in Poverty: Overall1 in 10 live in poverty Living in1 in 3 live in poverty Female-headed Households Environmental Scan of Lenawee County (MI), Lenawee United Way and Volunteer Center, 2003

Is Poverty a “Selection Effect”? Women with a first premarital pregnancy leading to birth experienced a poverty rate of… Those with “shotgun” weddings20% Those who did not marry47% (CLASP Policy Brief, Couples and Marriage Series, Brief No. 3, P. 5)

“Selection Effect” (2) Divorce and unmarried childbearing increase poverty for both children and mothers. “Child poverty rates are very high primarily because of growth of single- parent families.”

“Selection Effect” (3) “When parents fail to marry and stay married, children are more likely to experience deep and persistent poverty, even after controlling for race and family background.

“Selection Effect” (4) The majority of children who grow up outside of intact married families experience at least one year of dire poverty (family incomes less than half the official poverty threshold). Divorce as well as unmarried childbearing plays a role: Between one- fifth and one-third of divorcing women end up in poverty following the divorce.” Why Marriage Matters, page 9

Graduation Rate (Nationally) High School88% 4 Years of College25.6% Environmental Scan of Lenawee County (MI), Lenawee United Way and Volunteer Center, 2003, page 15

Graduation Rates (2) Studies have linked graduation rates to the number of times a child moves while attending school, with one move decreasing the average graduation rate to 68%, two moves to 56%, and three moves to 30%. Environmental Scan of Lenawee County (MI), Lenawee United Way and Volunteer Center, 2003, page 15

Graduation Rates Linked to Household Moves The number of times a child moves while attending school decreases the graduation rate from high school: Number of MovesRate Reduces To 168% 256% 330% Environmental Scan of Lenawee County (MI), Lenawee United Way and Volunteer Center, 2003, page 15

Life Expectancy of Adult Children of Divorce The parents’ divorce lowered the life expectancy of the adult children by 4 years. “Forty-year-olds from divorced homes were three times as likely to dire from all causes as forty-year-olds whose parents stayed married.” (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Adult Children from Divorced Parents are: 70% more likely to have circulatory problems 56% more likely to show signs of mental illness 27% more likely to report chronic aches and pains 26% more likely to rate their overall health as poor (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Stability in Children’s Lives By Family Makeup Children living with both biological parents at birth compared to the percent of children who will not be living with biological parents after… 1 Year 5 Years10 Years Cohabiting Parents 15% 50% 66% Married Parents 4% 15% 33% (The Case For Marriage, Waite and Gallagher)

Number of Alcohol-Related Problems SOURCE: Umberson (1987) Figure 5. Reports of Problem Drinking in the Past Year, by Marital Status and Sex

Physical Aggression During Arguments (NSFH ) Net of the effect of education, gender of respondent, age, race, and ethnicity

In Britain, the Serious Abuse of Children in Stepfamilies Was Six Times More Likely than for Children of Intact Married Families Comparative Risk Ratios for Serious Abuse, Note: No U.S. data by family structure available Source: Robert Whelian, Broken Homes and Battered Children, 1994.

In Wisconsin, Juvenile Incarceration Rates for Children of Divorced Parents are 12 Times Higher than for Children in Two-Parent Families Juvenile Incarceration Rate, Two-Parent Family Rate = 1 Source: Heritage calculations, based on 1993 data from Wisconsin Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey.

Percent of Families with Children Living in Poverty by Family Structure Source: Heritage Center for Data Analysis calculations based on data from 1995 Survey of Consumer Finance, Federal Reserve Board.

Poverty Rates SOURCE: McLanahan and Sandefur (1994:82) Figure 14. Percentages of Children in Poverty at Age 16, by Race and Family Structure

Impact of Divorce on Income of Families with Children 1993 Average Annual Income Source: Mary E. Corcoran and Ajay Chaudray, “The Dynamics of Childhood Poverty,” Future of Children, 1997.

Median Household Wealth of Persons Aged 51-61, by Marital Status 1993 Household Capital Wealth Source: James P. Smith, Marriage, Assets and Savings, Rand Corporation, 1995.

Percentages of Dropouts SOURCE: McLanahan and Sandefur (1994:41) Figure 13. Percentages of Adult Children Who Did Not Complete High School by Childhood Family Structure

Cohabitation Rates of Young Adults by Parents’ Marital Status Percent Ever Cohabited Age of Young Adults Source: Paul Amato and Alan Booth, A Generation at Risk, 1997, p. 112.

Married Women Live Longer Probability of Survival Age Lillard, L.A., & Waite, L.J. (1995). “Til Death Do Us Part: Marital Disruption and Morality.” American Journal of Sociology, 100,

So Do Married Men Probability of Survival Age Lillard, L.A., & Waite, L.J. (1995). “Til Death Do Us Part: Marital Disruption and Morality.” American Journal of Sociology, 100,