Industrialization & Imperialism: The Making of the European Global Order Chapter 24 Modern Age:

European Expansion PRE-INDUSTRIAL EXPANSION Search for precious metals Purchase luxury products (silks, spices) Fears of Muslim kingdoms in the Middle East, North Africa Western Europe experienced huge population jump after about 1730 Population pressure drove many people into the working-class proletariat Proto-industrialization: employment of laborers who worked at home but in a capitalist system dependent on urban merchants Dutch & British East India companies not very interested in acquiring colonial territories in 17 th century

European Imperialism IMPERIALISM FOLLOWING INDUSTRIALIZATION Search for markets for manufactured products Colonies in interior of Africa, Asia Search for raw materials to keep factories busy Shift from pre-industrial to imperialism in mid 1800s Overseas agents of Dutch & British East India companies, without directors’ permission, began acquiring land empires in Asia in 18 th century Java was first place

Dutch in Java Dutch were content in 1620s to be vassals of the Sultan of Mataram Using mercenary forces recruited from the people of Java, the Dutch intervened in succession disputes in return for grants of land

British in India Also used mercenaries recruited from local peoples to get into India British global imperial rivalry with France made it different here British win battle of Plassey, defeating a combined force of Indians and French Robert Clive, British commander British gain control of Bengal As British gained territory, Mughal Empire of India collapsed

British in India Madras, Bombay, Calcutta administrative centers of 3 presidencies in India Indian princes found it hard to defend their kingdoms because: *lack of national identity, *willingness of Indians to serve in British armies, *continued warfare among princes India: pivot of British Empire, because *size of Indian land army, *utility of Indian ports for British sea power, * raw materials for British industries

Compare Dutch & British both content to leave social systems of Java & India intact (prior to 1850) Mixed marriages common between European males & indigenous females, accepted “nabobs” = representatives of British East India Company who went out to secure sudden wealth, often through corruption

Reform Lord Cornwallis: led reforms in India in 1790s Evangelical: English religious movement important to social reforms Utilitarianism: led by Jeremy Bentham & James Mill, a philosophical movement supporting social reform in the colonies France granted citizenship to educated colonists

Empires 1870s - European countries made much of Africa, Asia, & Pacific its colonial possessions Early 19 th century - Britain dominated overseas trade & empire building Spain did NOT enter competitive race for colonial empire & industrial supremacy after 1870 Germany, Belgium, France joined Dutch & British in the race

Motives Motives for expansion, late 19 th century: *pressure of public opinion, *release pressure of unemployed workers & surplus goods, * influence of political leaders in European countries, * ensure supply of raw materials Public opinion is a major factor: *”jingoistic” press, *extension of the vote to lower middle & working classes Quarrels over division of colonial spoils used to justify arms buildup & general militarism

Africa Africans & Asians often fiercely resisted colonial rule, without chances of success By 1914, all of Africa had fallen to European countries, except Ethiopia Battle of Isandhlwana, 1879, Zulus defeated British Before 1902, South Africa was a contested settler colony Educational systems differed from Java & India: depended more on religious missionaries than state support

Other Colonies “tropical dependencies” = colonies where small numbers of Europeans ruled large numbers of non-Western peoples Example of a “White Dominion” = Australia Europeans exploited longstanding ethnic & cultural divisions between indigenous peoples

Colonies Growing size of European communities in foreign nations & increased number of women in European settlements = critical in growing tensions between colonizers & local African & Asian middle classes Incentives to greater production: imposing head or hut tax payable in commodities Food crops did NOT increase in colonies; mining, manufacturing, transportation did increase as a result of European economic exploitation of colonies Colonial economies steadily reduced to dependence on European dominated global market

South Africa & Australia similar Temperate climate to grow crops & raise livestock familiar to Europeans Disease environment in which they could survive Colonists began to move to interior

Boer Colony: South Africa Annexation by British, 1815, set Boer colony on a different path than White Dominions Transvaal: republic founded by Boers in 1850s

New Zealand New Zealand native = Maori Contact with Europeans, 1790s, caused: *spread of alcoholism & prostitution, * firearms in Maori warfare, *European diseases such as smallpox Intermarriage with Europeans NOT common among Maori

Hawaii Captain James Cook – opened Hawaii to the West Kamehameha – Hawaiian prince who created a united kingdom, 1810, with aid of British weapons & advisors