AP World History Roman Republic and Empire

Presentation Outline Geography of ancient Rome and Italy Origins Republican Government Military Expansion From Republic to Empire Geography of the Roman Empire Decline and collapse of the Roman Empire

1) Geography of the Roman Republic The Etruscans were the first people to settle in ancient Italy between 900 and 500 B.C.E The Romans arrived later to the South of the Etruscans and had originally come from other areas of the Mediterranean

The map shows the proximity of Italy to Greece and the Mediterranean world and how the Romans arrived in Italy

2) Origins of the Roman Republic Romulus and Remus Latin princess was Vestal virgin Raped by Mars, bore twin boys Ordered killed by non-Latin king Suckled by a wolf Grew and founded a city (753BCE) Romulus killed Remus Historic Evidence The Etruscans conquered the Romans (non-Latin king) Romans eventually overthrew Etruscans and established kingdom Ruins of home of king (Romulus?) date from 8th Century BCE

3) Republican Government Ruled by a senate and the people SPQR= Senate and the People of Rome Senate (patricians) appointed consuls (1 year) Foreign affairs and the military Direct access by the people to the consul People (plebs) organized by tribes and they elected 10 tribunes Governed local affairs Had veto power (individually)

Constitution (balanced power) Senate Never made laws but advice was accepted Had power to appoint a person to solve a specific problem (He was a "speaker" or "dictator") Appointed censors (moral guardian/rank judge) Appointed governors Concilium plebis Made all the laws (called plebecites) Elected magistrates (administrators) and judges Comitia Curiata/Centuriata – plebs and patricians Committed the emporium (military power) All met in the forum (looked over each other) Pontifex Maximus Religious leader

4) Military Organization Centuries — 100 armed men Headed by Centurian (from the ranks) Maniples—3 Centuries Could move quickly through difficult terrain (better than phalanx) Independent decisions (tribunes) Legions—groups of Maniples 6000 men Supported by light cavalry Discipline Death for individual insubordination Decimation for cowardice

5) Roman Expansion Conquest of Italy Took 200 years Granted full or partial citizenship Tax and legal benefits Developed loyalty in conquered Italian areas Invasion by King Pyrrhus (pyrrhic victory) Roman colonies Established in strategic locations Established by treaty Troops sent when needed Customs of the area left intact Colonies were mostly for trade, with some military purposes

Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Punic Wars Phoenicians (Poeni) Sicily Hannibal attacked Rome Help of non- Roman Italians(?)

Roman Expansion (outside Italy) Conquest of the East and West Allies rather than servants or slaves Toleration Corruption in the Greek kingdoms Some states given to the Romans Fast, direct attacks with strong determination and discipline Outnumbered in most battles Victory over Parthia (parthian shot)

6) From Republic to Empire Traditional Republic Values began to change: Piety Discipline Frugality Not greedy Righteous wars Never quit

Building an Empire Status of Women Absence of men at war Women gained economic power Ability to divorce and retain property Morals eventually eroded, in part because home-life eroded

Building an Empire Slavery Conquests increased the number of slaves Constituted 40% of the population Conditions were poor Romans feared slave uprising Slaves took jobs from the plebs so plebs were given food and other benefits

Julius Caesar dictator of Rome 100-44 BCE Early Life Born to an aristocratic family Said to have descended from the gods Military Career Conquered Gaul (France) Conquered Egypt Dictator (One man rule) Ruled until 44 BCE (murdered by opponents) Created Julian calendar Granted citizenship to people in Gaul and Spain

7) Geography of the Roman Empire The Roman Empire became huge It covered most of Europe, North Africa, and some of Asia The Empire reached its height under Emperor Diocletian (284- 305 CE)

7) Decline and collapse of the Roman Empire 180 CE Marcus Aurelius died His son, Commodus, took control of Rome Commodus was a poor leader, killed by his bodyguard Time of disarray follows Commodus from the movie Gladiator

Political Problems Poor leaders weakened the government Frequent fights for power Many officials took bribes Talented people chose not to serve due to dangers of government life

Social Problems Taxes were too great, many rich people stopped paying People stopped attending school Large number of people enslaved Plague (disease) spread throughout Rome, killing 1 in 10 Famine: There was not enough food to feed people

Economic Problems Farmers lost land, unable to grow and sell crops, out of work (and famine) People bought fewer goods, shops closed Inflation occurred: Rapidly rising prices. Money lost value because fewer taxes paid. Coins lost value: Less gold put in, people found out (caused inflation) Bartering grew: sell goods without using money No taxes, no money

Military Problems Military only in it for money (mercenaries) No money to pay military = weak military Constant threat of invaders on empire’s borders Weak military, unable to stop border invasions

Diocletian 284 CE, Diocletian became emperor Tried reforms (political changes) Set price limits (if a person went beyond limits, put to death) and ordered workers to stay in jobs to death

Dividing the Empire Diocletian felt that the only way to save the empire was to divide it in half Created two empires: Western and Eastern Western Empire: Europe/ North Africa and city of Rome Eastern Empire: Turkey/ Asia and city of Byzantium Two emperors, emperor in charge of Rome was senior

Constantine Diocletian retired and Constantine took his place as emperor Constantine (312 CE) united the empire again under one ruler First Christian emperor Edict of Milan Attempted reforms Main reform: sons had to follow fathers’ trade

Constantinople Rome continued to decline Constantine moved the capital from Rome to city of Byzantium City name changed to Constantinople (today is Istanbul)

Current Day Constantinople (now Istanbul)

Theodosius Constantine died in 337 CE, replaced by Theodosius Theodosius could not rule the empire, divided in two again Western Roman Empire with capital in Rome Eastern Rome Empire with capital in Constantinople

Rome invaded Western Empire unable to hold off German tribes on its borders Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Saxons German tribes wanted warmer area, Roman riches, and to flee the Huns

Vandals Vandals followed Visigoths and spent 12 days stripping Rome of valuables (vandalism) Many more German invaders followed Finally, a German general named Odoacer defeated the western emperor Romulus Augustulus (14 years old, little Augustus)

The Fall of Rome Augustulus was defeated in 476 CE For this reason, this date is given as the fall of the Western Roman Empire Western Empire was divided into many kingdoms that adopted many of the customs of Rome

Eastern Roman Empire Although the Western Empire fell in 476 CE, the Eastern Roman Empire continued to prosper for 1,000 more years Became known as the Byzantine Empire