Animal Kingdom Cell Type : Eukaryote # of Cells: multicellular Food source: heterotrophs Reproduction: both— asexual and sexual Other facts: Most reproduce sexually. All of them are heterotrophs, and all move (some only during a portion of their lives).

8 Invertebrate Phyla *Under the Animal Kingdom Porifera Echinodermata Cnidaria Mollusca Platyhelminthes Nematoda Annelida Arthropods

Porifera Known as sponges Porifera means “pore- bearing” Simplest animal Filter feeders

Echinodermata Called Echinoderms Spiny skin Totally marine Examples: ◦Starfish ◦Sand dollar ◦Sea urchins ◦Sea cucumbers

Cnidaria Called Cnidarians Stinging cells on tentacles for capturing and paralyzing prey (called cnidarian cells) Examples – ◦Sea anemone ◦Jelly fish ◦Coral

Mollusca Called mollusks Soft-bodied Terrestrial and marine Bilateral symmetry All have a mantle for protection (this becomes a shell in some) ◦Gastropods – “stomach footed” – snails, slugs ◦Cephalopods –“head-footed”–squid, octopus ◦Bi-Valve – clams, oysters, mussels

Platyhelminthes Flat worms Primitive Examples: ◦Liverfluke ◦Tapeworm

Nematoda Called Nematodes Round worms Most are microscopic – 10,000 can live in a teaspoon of soil Most are parasitic Examples: ◦Trichina worm (trichinosis) ◦Heartworm

Annelida Called Annelids Segmented worms Most are complex and have systems ◦Circulatory, nervous, reproductive Examples: ◦Leeches ◦Earthworms

Arthropoda Called Arthropods (“Jointed legs”) Exoskeleton – keeps them relatively small Most successful of all phyla because they reproduce in large numbers Adaptations to all environments 5 large classes: ◦Crustacea ◦Arachnida ◦Insecta ◦Chilopoda ◦Diploda

Crustacea Called crustaceans Most are marine Examples – ◦Shrimp ◦Crabs ◦Lobsters ◦Crayfish

Arachnida Arachnids (Spiders) 8 legs No antennae 2 body regions

Insecta Most numerous of all animal species Antennae 3 body regions 6 legs Undergo metamorphosis to reach adulthood Examples – ◦Butterflies ◦Beetles ◦Grasshoppers

Chilopoda Called Centipedes 1 pair of legs per body segment Carnivorous (meat-eating) Fierce hunters Front legs have poison claws

Diploda Called Millipedes Have two sets of legs per body segment Forage on rotting leaves

1.Urochordata 2.Cephalochord 3.Vertebrata

Urochordata sea squirts – their larva (with notochord) look like free swimming tadpoles.

Cephalochord Lancelets – are fish-like and spend their entire life buried in the mud.

have an endoskeleton made of bone and/or cartilage have a dorsal spinal column of vertebrae made of bone and/or cartilage that surrounds and protects the spinal cord.

1. Agnatha 2. Chondrichtyes 3. Osteichthyes (Apternopterigii) 4. Amphibian 5. Reptilia 6. Mammalia 7. Aves

Agnatha Jawless fish circular mouths Examples – lamprey, agnatha, hagfish

Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish No bones Endoskeleton made of cartilage Cartilage is the flexible material you can feel in your ears and nose Examples – sharks, rays, skates

Osteichthyes Bony fish Endoskeleton made of bone Examples – goldfish, bass, catfish, bream

Amphibian “two lives” First part of life with gills in water (tadpoles) then undergo a metamorphosis to complete maturation Adults live on land, with moist skin Mature adults have lungs and a three- chambered heart External fertilization – eggs must be laid in water Ectotherms Become inactive: hibernate in winter – estivate in summer Examples – frogs, salamanders, toads, newts

Reptilia Ectotherms Thick, dry skin covered with scales Claws on legs Lungs Three chambered heart (crocs have a four chambered heart) Internal fertilization Have an amniotic egg – provides a complete environment (food, protection & exchange of wastes) This allows eggs to be laid on land. Some give birth to live young Examples – snakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles

Aves Birds 2 inelastic lungs and several air sacs Large 4-chambered heart All lay eggs Have 2 feet, wings, feathers, scales on feet Hollow bones and strong pectoral muscles allow flight Endothermic Internal fertilization Examples – hawk, ostrich, penguin, cardinal

Mammalia Called mammals Endotherms Have lungs, 4 chambered heart Bodies covered in fur Mammary glands to feed young Internal fertilization Teeth specific to food they eat ◦Herbivores – plants ◦Carnivores – animals ◦Omnivores - both

3 Groups of Mammals 1. Monotremes 2. Marsupials 3. Placental

Monotremes Egg-laying Examples – duck billed platypus, Echidna

Marsupials Give birth to immature young that crawl into an external pouch where it will develop and mature Examples – koala, kangaroo, opossum, Tasmanian Devil

Placental The young (embryo) develop inside the mother’s body where a complete environment is provided in the uterus. The umbilical cord connects the developing embryo to the placenta. Nutrients and wastes are exchanged through the umbilical cord. These animals are placed into order based on the characteristics of their teeth. Examples – rabbits, humans, deer, whales, bats 95% of all mammals are placental