States of Matter Solids, liquids, & Gases

States of Matter: one of the forms that matter takes, such a solid, liquid or gas.

MATTER Chemical Changes Physical Changes Solid Mass Liquid Volume Gas can undergo Solid Mass MATTER Liquid states all matter has Volume Gas identified by Chemical Properties Physical Properties key Melting Point flammability reactivity Density Freezing Point Solubility toxicity oxidation Volume

Solid Slow Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles How would you describe the movement of these particles? Speed of Particles How would you describe the speed of these particles? Solid Particles vibrate in place and are tightly packed Slow Can we act this out? A substance in a solid phase is relatively rigid, with definite volume & shape. Atoms that comprise a solid are packed close together and are not compressible. Because all atoms have thermal energy, its atoms do vibrate, however the movement is very small and rapid – undetectable under ordinary conditions. When heat is added, a solid can become a liquid.

SHAPE … does it have a definite shape? We can look at these 3 properties to figure out which state of matter an object is: SHAPE … does it have a definite shape? MASS … does it have a definite amount of matter? VOLUME … does it take up a definite amount of space? background information

SOLID Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? YES YES YES copy into notes Predictions anyone? SOLID Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? YES YES YES

Examples of Solids A substance in a solid phase is relatively rigid, with definite volume & shape. Atoms that comprise a solid are packed close together and are not compressible. Because all atoms have thermal energy, its atoms do vibrate, however the movement is very small and rapid – undetectable under ordinary conditions. When heat is added, a solid can become a liquid.

Let’s explore liquids… Question to investigate Does water hold together well or come apart easily? Materials for each group Water in small cup, dropper, popsicle stick, index card Procedure Use a dropper to gently squeeze out one drop of water but try not to let the drop fall completely out of the dropper. See how far you can make the drop hang off the end of the dropper without it falling. Place 4-5 drops of water into a small puddle on your index card. Gently tilt the index card in different directions so that the drop moves. Use a popsicle stick to slowly move your drop around the index card. Try to separate your drop into two. Use your popsicle stick to move the two drops near each other. Then move one drop so that the two drops touch.

What did you observe? When you squeezed the drop of water out of the dropper, did the water break apart or hold together? When you were pulling the drop around the wax paper, did the water seem to hold together or come apart easily? Was it easy or difficult to make the drops come together? How would you describe the motion and attraction of the liquid molecules?

Liquid Medium Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles How would you describe the movement of these particles? Speed of Particles How would you describe the speed of these particles? Liquid Particles are close, but can slide past one another Medium Can we act this out? Liquids have a definite volume, but are able to change their shape by flowing. Liquids are similar to solids, in that their particles touch, however they are not packed as tight – they are able to move around. Since liquid molecules can move, they will take the shape of their container. When heat is added, a liquid becomes a gas.

LIQUID Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? NO YES YES copy into notes Predictions anyone? LIQUID Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? NO YES YES

Because liquid molecules can move, they will take the shape of their container. Liquids have a definite volume, but are able to change their shape by flowing. Liquids are similar to solids, in that their particles touch, however they are not packed as tight – they are able to move around. Since liquid molecules can move, they will take the shape of their container. When heat is added, a liquid becomes a gas.

Examples of Liquids Liquids have a definite volume, but are able to change their shape by flowing. Liquids are similar to solids, in that their particles touch, however they are not packed as tight – they are able to move around. Since liquid molecules can move, they will take the shape of their container. When heat is added, a liquid becomes a gas.

Gas Fast Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles How would you describe the movement of these particles? Speed of Particles How would you describe the speed of these particles? Gas Particles are constantly expanding and far apart Fast Can we act this out? Gases have no definite volume or shape. If unconstrained, gases will spread out indefinitely. If confined, they will take the shape of their container. This is because gas particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces. Each of the particles is well separated, so they have a very low density. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules. Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. Increased temperature means greater energy of motion so most substances expand when heated.

GAS Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? NO YES NO copy into notes Predictions anyone? GAS Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? NO YES NO

A gas will spread out to fill all the space in whatever container it is in. Gases have no definite volume or shape. If unconstrained, gases will spread out indefinitely. If confined, they will take the shape of their container. This is because gas particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces. Each of the particles is well separated, so they have a very low density. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules. Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. Increased temperature means greater energy of motion so most substances expand when heated.

If unconfined, gases will spread out indefinitely. Gases have no definite volume or shape. If unconstrained, gases will spread out indefinitely. If confined, they will take the shape of their container. This is because gas particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces. Each of the particles is well separated, so they have a very low density. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules. Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. Increased temperature means greater energy of motion so most substances expand when heated.

Examples of Gases Gases have no definite volume or shape. If unconstrained, gases will spread out indefinitely. If confined, they will take the shape of their container. This is because gas particles have enough energy to overcome attractive forces. Each of the particles is well separated, so they have a very low density. Heat energy is in the disorderly motion of molecules. Atoms and molecules are perpetually in motion. Increased temperature means greater energy of motion so most substances expand when heated.

Solid Tightly- packed Liquid closely- packed Gas loosely- packed copy into notes Solid Tightly- packed Liquid closely- packed Gas loosely- packed Solids: A state of matter where the particles only vibrate and cannot move from their position Liquids: A state of matter where the particles move enough to slide past each other Gases: A state of matter where the particles bounce freely and rapidly Solid, Liquid, Gas animation

States of Matter Simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/states-of-matter-basics

Review SOLID LIQUID GAS Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? copy into notes SOLID LIQUID GAS Definite SHAPE? Definite MASS? Definite VOLUME? NO YES NO YES YES YES YES YES NO

Review Phase Motion of Particles Speed of Particles Solid Liquid Gas Particles vibrate in place and are tightly packed Slow Particles are close, but can slide past one another Medium Particles are constantly expanding Fast

State of matter: one of the forms that matter takes, such as solid, liquid, or gas. Solid: matter that has a fixed volume and a fixed shape. Liquid: matter that has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. Gas: matter that has no fixed volume or fixed shape.

Guided Video Notes The following two slides are video notes that go with two videos on DiscoveryEducation.com You must have an account to access these videos, but many school systems purchase accounts, so be sure to check if you aren’t sure. The titles of the videos are: “Properties of Matter, Part 1” (20:28) “Properties of Matter, Part 2: Liquids, Solids, and Gases” (17:00) I run the sheets front to back to save paper!