Solids, Liquids, Gases and the Classification of Matter

Solids, Liquids and Gases The Kinetic Theory of Matter – All matter is made of particles – These particles are always moving – These particles collide with the walls of their container. The amount of movement determines the state

Solids, Liquids and Gases This movement is related to the amount of energy the particles have. The total amount of energy the particles have is known as thermal energy The average kinetic energy of the particles is the temperature.

Solids, Liquids and Gases Solids – Least energy – Definite shape and definite volume – Particle are close together – Particles locked into position – Most solids are Crystalline Particles are in geometric order – Particles in random order are amorphous. – Melting Point – Heat of Fusion

Solids, Liquids and Gases Liquids – Higher energy – indefinite shape and definite volume – Particle are close together – Particles move around each other Flow Liquids take the shape of the bottom of their container – Boiling Point – Heat of Vaporization

Solids, Liquids and Gases Gases – High Energy – Indefinite shape and indefinite volume – Particles are far apart and moving fast – Gases take the shape of any sized container – Gases are compressible

Solids, Liquids and Gases Plasma – Highest Energy – Most common state of matter in the Universe – Particles vary fast moving – Collisions knock off electrons Gas of positively and negatively charged particles. – Examples – Lightning, Fire and stars

Solids, Liquids and Gases As objects increase in energy The particles move faster The faster they move the farther apart they get. – Thermal Expansion – Most materials expand when heated Except things like ZrW 2 O 8 Examples of Use: – Thermometers, Hot air Balloons

Solids, Liquids and Gases Archimedes Principle – Buoyancy Pascal's Principle – Force is transmitted unchanged throughout a fluid Bernoulli's Principle – The faster the velocity the lower the pressure Boyle’s and Charles’ laws

Classification of Matter Matter is classified into two categories. Substances – Elements particles all the same – Compounds Two or more elements combined in fixed proportions

Classification of Matter Matter is classified into two categories. Mixtures – Can be separated by physical means Heterogeneous Mixtures Composition not consistant Examples: Pizza, Salad, Cookies

Classification of Matter Matter is classified into two categories. Mixtures – Can be separated by physical means Homogeneous Mixtures – Composition is consistant Also known as solutions Examples: Milk, Vinegar – Colloids and Suspensions

Classification of Matter Properties of Matter – Physical properties Any characteristic of a material that you can observe without changing its identity – Examples: Color, shape, melting point – Physical Change Any change that can be made that does not change the identity of the material – Examples: cutting, melting, Boiling

Classification of Matter Properties of Matter – Chemical Properties A characteristic of a substance that indicates that it can undergo a chemical change – Examples: Flammability, resistance to corrosion – Chemical Change Any change of one substance into another – Examples: Combustion, rusting, Bleaching – Conservation of Mass