Unit 5 Seminar

Derived Table A derived table is a virtual table that’s calculated on the fly from a select statement. The biggest benefit of using derived tables over using temporary tables is that they require fewer steps, and everything happens in memory instead of a combination of memory and disk.

Derived Table The fewer the steps involved, along with less I/O, the faster the performance.

Example Problem: Generate a report that shows off the total number of orders each customer placed in 1996

Derived Table SELECT C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, COUNT(O.OrderID) AS TotalOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID WHERE YEAR(O.OrderDate) = 1996 GROUP BY C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName

Problem with previous query But there’s something missing. Customers that didn’t place an order in 1996 aren’t showing up.

Derived Table (cont) SELECT C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, COUNT(O.OrderID) AS TotalOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN Orders O ON C.CustomerID = O.CustomerID WHERE (YEAR(O.OrderDate) = 1996 OR O.OrderDate IS NULL) GROUP BY C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName

Problem with is null version If a customer has placed an order, but just not in the year 1996 they won’t show up. This is because the “is null” check finds customers that have never placed an order—it still doesn’t do anything to add customers who’ve placed an order, but just not in 1996.

Derived Table (cont) SELECT C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName, COUNT(dOrders.OrderID) AS TotalOrders FROM Customers C LEFT OUTER JOIN /* start our derived table */ (SELECT * FROM Orders WHERE YEAR(Orders.OrderDate) = 1996) AS dOrders /* end our derived table */ ON C.CustomerID = dOrders.CustomerID GROUP BY C.CustomerID, C.CompanyName

Derived Table (cont) You should now see a row returned for each Customer and the total number or orders placed in the year 1996—including the customers that didn’t place an order. The reason this works is because the LEFT JOIN will include all matches or null values. If the LEFT JOIN has matches (like in our first query,) but non that match the criteria those rows are excluded.

Common Table Expressions (CTE) A common table expression (CTE) can be thought of as a temporary result set that is defined within the execution scope of a single SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, or CREATE VIEW statement.

CTE (cont) Common Table Expressions offer the same functionality as a view, but are ideal for one-off usages where you don't necessarily need a view defined for the system.

CTE (cont) A CTE is similar to a derived table in that it is not stored as an object and lasts only for the duration of the query. A CTE can be self-referencing and can be referenced multiple times in the same query.

CTE (cont) CTEs allow you to separate part of your T- SQL logic from your main query instead of using a view, correlated subquery, or temp table.

CTE Syntax Start with the word WITH, followed by a name for your CTE. Follow the name of the CTE with the word AS and a set of parentheses. Inside the parentheses, type in a valid SELECT query. You can then use the CTE in your main query just as if the CTE was a table or view.

CTE Syntax WITH emp (SELECT columnname FROM tablenname AS column alias INNER JOIN tablename as column alias ON table.column = table.column) You then can use the CTE in a query SELECT columnname FROM CTE AS column alias Etc.

CTE WITH emp AS ( SELECT EmployeeID, FirstName, LastName, E.Title, ManagerID FROM HumanResources.Employee AS E INNER JOIN Person.Contact AS C ON E.ContactID = C.ContactID )

Query using CTE SELECT A.EmployeeID, A.FirstName, A.LastName, A.Title, A.ManagerID, B.FirstName AS MgrFirstName, B.LastName AS MgrLastName, B.Title AS MgrTitle FROM emp AS A INNER JOIN emp AS B ON A.ManagerID = B.EmployeeID;

Example The query returns a list of the customers along with the products ordered on the most recent order.

Example WITH maxDate AS ( SELECT MAX(OrderDate) AS MaxOrderDate, CustomerID FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader GROUP BY CustomerID), orders AS ( SELECT SalesOrderID, soh.CustomerID, OrderDate FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader AS soh INNER JOIN maxDate ON soh.CustomerID = maxDate.CustomerID AND soh.OrderDate = maxDate.MaxOrderDate) SELECT CustomerID,ProductID, sod.SalesOrderID,OrderDate FROM orders INNER JOIN Sales.SalesOrderDetail AS sod ON sod.SalesOrderID = orders.salesOrderID;

CTE’s and Recursion Recursion is the process of defining a solution to a problem in terms of itself. For example, a teacher needs to sort a stack of tests alphabetically by the students' names. She could process the tests one at a time and, for each test, insert it into the appropriate spot to the left (called insertion sort).insertion sort

Recursive CTE 2 pieces: The base case - what to do when you're done recursing. After dividing the tests into separate piles of say, eight elements per pile, the base case is to sort these piles via insertion sort. The recursive step - the action to perform that involves plugging the input "back into" the system. For merge sort, the recursive step is the division of one pile into two. Then into four. Then into eight, and so on, until the base case is reached.

Recursive CTE Translation: This translates into two SQL queries - one that gets the "initial" data UNIONed with one that performs the recursion.

Recursive Deconstructed The WITH clause is the definition of the CTE and it precedes the outer query, which refers back to the CTE. Within the WITH clause, the anchor member is a SELECT statement that acts as the seed for recursion.

Recursive Deconstructed It is merged using the UNION ALL operator to the recursive member, which is a SELECT statement that refers back to the CTE; hence it is recursive.

CTE’s and hierarchies CTEs can also be used to recursively enumerate hierarchical data.

CTE to examine Hierarchies ;WITH cte_name ( ) AS ( UNION ALL ) query_statement_using_cte_name

Hierarchy Example Show the levels that directly report to the Product Development Manager

Steps 1.We create the anchor member as the record which is for the Product Development Manager. As part of this query, we create two pseudo columns. One for indicating the level (called OrgLevel) and for sorting the records in the right fashion (called SortKey). The sort key for us is the primary key of the table converted to a binary column. 2.After the anchor query, we now use this as the input and form the recursive query. Note that the recursive query increments the OrgLevel column and also builds the SortKey column. 3.Since we want only the people who directly report to the product development manager, we specify the condition OrgLevel < 1. What happens if we omit this condition? That is the next sample…

Code WITH SampleOrgChart (Level, Position, ReportingLevel, OrgLevel, SortKey) AS ( -- Create the anchor query. This establishes the starting – point SELECT a.LevelID, a.Position, a.ReportingLevelID, 0, CAST (a.LevelID AS VARBINARY(900)) FROM dbo.SampleOrg a WHERE a.Position = 'Product Development Manager' UNION ALL -- Create the recursive query. This query will be executed -- until it returns no more rows SELECT a.LevelID, a.Position, a.ReportingLevelID, b.OrgLevel+1, CAST (b.SortKey + CAST (a.LevelID AS BINARY(4)) AS VARBINARY(900)) FROM dbo.SampleOrg a INNER JOIN SampleOrgChart b ON a.ReportingLevelID = b.Level WHERE b.OrgLevel < 1 ) SELECT * FROM SampleOrgChart ORDER BY SortKey

Inline Table-Valued Functions (TVFs) An inline table-valued function can be viewed as a select statement with parameters.

Syntax To create an inline table-valued function, you need to use the "RETURNS TABLE" clause in the "CREATE FUNCTION" statement. There should be no function body, except for a RETURN statement with a SELECT subquery

Inline Table-Valued Functions (TVFs) Inline Table-Valued Functions return a resultset, as opposed to a single scalar value. A table valued function specifies the TABLE keyword in its RETURN clause.

Syntax CREATE FUNCTION [ owner_name. ] fn_name ( [ [ AS ] type } [,...n ] ]) RETURNS TABLE [ AS ] RETURN [ ( ] select-statement [ ) ]

Example An Inline Table-Valued Function created by this command: CREATE FUNCTION datesales as datetime) RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN ( SELECT * FROM sales WHERE ord_date

Syntax info A variable has a name that begins with symbol and always must be given a data type.

Call the Function USE PUBS GO select * from datesales('09/13/1994')

Results

Example 2 USE PUBS GO CREATE FUNCTION getAuthorsByState CHAR(2) ) RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN ( SELECT au_fname + ' ' + au_lname AS aName FROM authors WHERE state )

Example 2 (cont) UDF named "getAuthorsByState" Objective: return a list of names of authors whose state field matches the value passed in through the input

Step-Through 1 st : a basic SQL query to concatenate the values of the au_fname and au_lname fields with a space. SELECT au_fname + ' ' + au_lname AS aName FROM authors WHERE state

Step-Through (cont) 2 nd : In the where clause, we tell SQL Server to only return authors whose state matches the value of input parameter. WHERE state

Step-Through (cont) 3 rd : To test our new inline-table valued UDF, clear the code window in query analyzer and enter and execute the following code: USE PUBS GO SELECT * FROM getAuthorsByState('CA')

Test Function

Apply SQL Server 2005 introduced the APPLY operator, which is very much like a join clause and which allows joining between two table expressions i.e. joining a left/outer table expression with a right/inner table expression.join clause

Apply (cont) The APPLY operator allows you to join two table expressions; the right table expression is processed every time for each row from the left table expression.

Apply (cont) The APPLY operator comes in two variants, the CROSS APPLY and the OUTER APPLY. The CROSS APPLY operator returns only those rows from left table expression (in its final output) if it matches with right table expression. In other words, the right table expression returns rows for left table expression match only.

Apply (cont) the OUTER APPLY operator returns all the rows from left table expression irrespective of its match with the right table expression. For those rows for which there are no corresponding matches in right table expression, it contains NULL values in columns of right table expression.

Apply (cont) the CROSS APPLY is semantically equivalent to INNER JOIN (or to be more precise its like a CROSS JOIN with a correlated sub-query) with a implicit join condition of 1=1 whereas OUTER APPLY is semantically equivalent to LEFT OUTER JOIN.

Comparison Cross Apply: SELECT * FROM Department D CROSS APPLY ( SELECT * FROM Employee E WHERE E.DepartmentID = D.DepartmentID ) A GO

Comparison Inner Join SELECT * FROM Department D INNER JOIN Employee E ON D.Departme ntID = E.DepartmentID GO

Same results achieved