Published Genome-Wide Associations through ,617 published GWA at p≤5X10 -8 for 249 traits Autism marker Multiple Sclerosis Marker The GWAS Human Genome

Published Genome-Wide Associations through ,617 published GWA at p≤5X10 -8 for 249 traits Genetic Heterogeneity The Common Disease Common Variant (CDCV) hypothesis is dead. Long live the Common Disease Many Rare Variants hypothesis! The CDCV ‘s classical drawing metaphor as “Needles in the Haystack,” with few needles with a common look in a large haystack, needs to be replaced now with a van Gogh-like drawing, with many needles each differently looking and private to areas in the large haystack. Vincent The GWAS Human Genome

Published Genome-Wide Associations through ,617 published GWA at p≤5X10 -8 for 249 traits The Missing Heritability Puzzle Additivity of alleles? Just a convenient approximation, friendly to “heritability” measured as a correlation coefficient. Ronald The GWAS Human Genome

Published Genome-Wide Associations through ,617 published GWA at p≤5X10 -8 for 249 traits haplotype phasing, linkage disequilibrium, tagging SNPs, identical by descent (IBD), pedigrees, trios coalescent theory, Polya urn game, Ewens sampling lemma, genome-wide graph theory algorithms the genetic heterogeneity problem, the missing heritability problem statistical models of disease, association tests and multiple hypothesis testing autism, multiple sclerosis, type 2 diabetes Application Topics include The GWAS Human Genome

Genomic Foundations Modeling and Measuring Evolution: Linkage Disequilibrium (LD), Urn Models Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS): Statistical associations, the missing heritabililty problem, genetic heterogeneity, genomic privacy

Algorithms Maximum Likelihood and Expectation-Maximization Algorithms Biological Problem: Inferring haplotype frequencies in populations. Set-cover and Minimum Informative Subset Algorithms Biological Problem: Tagging SNPs selection, LD.

Algorithms Markov Chain Monte Carlo Algorithms Biological Problem: Population Substructure Knapsack Algorithms and Statistical Hypothesis Testing, The Neyman-Pearson Lemma, Multiple Testing Biological Problem: Statistical Associations in GWAS

Algorithms Voting Theory Algorithms, von Neumann-Morgenstern Utility Theory & The Social Network of Protein Folds Biological Problem: The Protein Folding Problem - Individual Preferences of Amino Acids and the Thermodynamic "Social Choice" Hypothesis - The Protein Folding Energy Function Inference Problem