Genetics I. Introduction A. History 1. C. Darwin & A. Wallace  blending 2. G. Mendel & F. Unger  mixing 3. W. Sutton  Chromosomal theory of Inheritance 4. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes plus linkage groups 5. A. Sturtevant  genetic mapping 6. F. Griffith  hereditary molecule

7. O. Avery, etal.  DNA hereditary molecule 8. B. McKlintock  Transposons 9. W. Fiers  sequenced viral gene 10. A. Jeffreys  DNA finger printing  Viral DNA sequenced  yeast DNA sequenced  round worm DNA sequenced  human DNA sequenced

a. Definition b. Terms i. Self vs. Cross Fertilization ii. Traits vs. Characteristics A. Experimental Design II. Mendelian 1. Monohybrid Cross

Figure 14.2Figure 14.3 c. Process

Figure 14.4 d. Principle: “Law of segregation” Figure 14.5

i. Gene vs. Allele vs. Chromosome ii. Homozygous versus Heterozygous iii. Dominant versus Recessive iv. Genotype versus Phenotype e. Terms Figure 14.6

f. Testcross Figure 14.7

a. Definition b. Process i. Start by figuring out the parents genotypes Figure Dihybrid Cross ii. Then how many and type of gametes

Dihybrid Heterozygous cross = Phenotypic ratio= 9:3:3:1, Genotypic ratio= 1:1:2:2:4:2:2:1:1 Dihybrid Heterozygous cross Homozygous Dominant = Phenotypic ratio = all dominant, Genotypic ratio = 1:1:1:1 c. Principle: “Law of Independently Assortment” AaBb X AABB Gametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab; AABB= AB only Practice AaBb X AaBb Gametes AaBb = AB, Ab, aB, & ab for both

AA aa Aa 2. Co-dominance 1. Complete A. Dominance III. Variation on Mendel

3. Incomplete dominance Figure 14.10

1. Multiple Alleles B. Gene Interactions 2. Pleitrophy 3. Penetrance Figure 14.11

1. Epistasis C. Beyond Mendel 2. Polygenic Figure 14.13

Figure R. Punnet & W. Bateson  1908 A. History IV. Classical Genetics

a. Drosophila melangastor WHY? 2. T. Morgan  Genes & Chromosomes, Karyotyping, plus linkage groups Figure 15.3

Figure 15.4 b. Genetic Recombination Page 300

Figure 15.10

Figure 15.9 c. Genetic Linkage Page 300

3. A. Sturtevant  Genetic Mapping Based on frequency of expression of traits showing together Figure Figure Figure 15.12

1. Sex Linked Inheritance B. Sex Linkage Figure 15.5 Figure 15.6 Figure 15.7

2. Barr Bodies Figure 15.8

1. Karyotyping 2. Amniocentesis  Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure A. Techniques V. Detection of Problems

3. Ultrasound 4. Chorionic Villi Sampling  Cellular and Chemical Analysis Figure 14.19

5. Fetal Tissue Sampling

6. Pedigree Analysis Page 289