Bio 9A: Friday, Title: RNA Structure and Function  Homework:  Read pages in the textbook. Take active reading notes, paying attention to important vocabulary terms and to the following purpose questions: How does the genetic code work? What are the steps of translation?  Do Now:  How is the function of RNA different from the function of DNA?  Today’s Objectives:  Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA  Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

GENE EXPRESSION: USING DNA TO MAKE PROTEINS PHA Biology 9 Moretti and Dickson

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins DNARNAProteinTrait

::Blood Stream:: Vesicles (“bubbles” that transport proteins) DNA (Holds genetic information) RNA (Copies genetic from DNA and carries it to the Ribosome to make proteins) Protein could go to membrane to be released into blood stream Golgi Apparatus (Modifies and shapes the protein) Protein being formed at Ribosome Cell Membrane Released into blood stream and used as hormone or other bodily structure Protein Ribosome RNA

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins DNARNAProteinTrait Stays in the nucleus Copies itself and gets passed on to new cells Holds instructions for making proteins Observable characteristic Made in the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm Uses DNA instructions to make proteins Used as body structures (muscle, bone, skin, hair), enzymes, transporters, hormones, etc.

RNA Structure: How is RNA different from DNA?  Double strand  Bases: A, T, G, C  Deoxyribose  Single strand (can form different shapes)  U instead of T (A, U, G, C)  Ribose sugar DNARNA Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

RNA Structure: Base Pairing  4 Nitrogen Bases in RNA:  A denine  G uanine  U racil  C ytosine  DNA  RNA Base Pairing: A ---- U T ---- A C ---- G G ---- C Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Three Types of RNA:  mRNA = messenger RNA  tRNA = transfer RNA  rRNA = ribosomal RNA

 Basic Structure:  Single Strand of RNA  Small enough to leave the nucleus. DNA is too big! Messenger RNA (mRNA) Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA  Basic Function  Make a copy of DNA instructions to make a protein  Takes instructions to Ribosome  Every 3 bases is a Codon (info for one amino acid)

 Basic Structure:  Coiled RNA strand (3-leaf clover)  Amino Acid attached to the top  Anti-codon on the bottom  Basic Function:  Transfer amino acids to the ribosome to make a protein  Anti-codon on tRNA matches/ reads codon on mRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Types of RNA: Transfer RNA (tRNA) Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)  Basic Structure:  RNA strand twisted/coiled up to form a ribosome  Basic Function:  Acts like an enzyme to bond amino acids together into long chains (proteins!)

Bio 9A: Tuesday, Title: Transcription & Translation  Homework:  Write 2 paragraphs explaining transcription & translation. For each process, explain: The purpose Where it takes place The steps and materials involved The end result  Do Now:  What is the difference between transcription & translation?  Today’s Objective:  Describe the purpose and steps of transcription and translation

Overview: Using DNA to Make Proteins DNARNAProteinTrait Transcription: The process of making RNA by copying DNA Translation: The process of using info in RNA to make proteins Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription: mRNA (the orange strand) DNA (the red & green strands) Objectives for Class: Describe the major structural differences between DNA and RNA Differentiate between structure and function differences between the types of RNA

 Overview:  A DNA gene is copied in the form of mRNA  Occurs in the nucleus  Steps: 1. RNA Polymerase separates (unzips) DNA strands 2. RNA Polymerase makes RNA by matching complementary nucleotides with the DNA strand 3. mRNA leaves nucleus and DNA winds back up!  Final Result: mRNA copy of a gene mRNA Objectives for Class: Describe Transcription Details Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation Video link: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Review: 3 Types of RNA Type of RNABasic Function Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carry a copy of protein-making instructions to the ribosome Transfer RNA (tRNA) Carry amino acid to the ribosome Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) Part of the ribosome (helps bond amino acids together) Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

tRNAtRNA mRNA tRNAtRNA Ribosome Codons & AntiCodons  Codon  3 base sequence on mRNA that specifies a single amino acid to be added to the polypeptide (protein)  Anticodon  3 base sequence on tRNA that are complimentary to the mRNA codon Objectives for Class: Describe Polypeptide Anticodon Codon Amino Acid Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

The Genetic Code  The 64 Codons that code for Amino Acids Objectives for Class: Describe Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Transcription & Translation Objectives for Class: Describe TranscriptionTranslation

Transcription and Translation: Video Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation  Transcription and Translation Video: 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg 17_13ProteinSynthesis.mpg

Translation Details  Overview:  The gene sequence in mRNA is translated into a chain of amino acids that forms a protein  Occurs at the ribosome  Steps: 1. mRNA enters the ribosome 2. tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome 3. tRNA anticodons match with mRNA codons to put amino acids in the right order According to the Genetic Code 4. Ribosome connects the amino acids into a long chain  Final Result: A polypeptide (protein) Objectives for Class: Describe Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation

Translation Objectives for Class: Describe Objectives for Class: Describe the purpose and major steps of transcription Describe the purpose and major steps of translation mRNA strand Growing protein chain Ribosome

Bio 9A: Thursday, Title: Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab  Homework:  Complete Part I of the Genetic Mutations Activity  Do Now:  Read the half sheet of paper and answer the questions  Sign into a computer and turn around with your back to the computers to wait for your next instructions.  Today’s Objectives:  Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein.  Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins Double Block

Today’s Agenda:  Period 6:  Complete Part 1 of the Computer-Based Lab  Begin Part 2 (on separate sheet of paper, not using the computer)  Period 7:  Move back to 102  Finish Part 2 of the Lab and hand it in  Begin the Genetic Mutations packet – Finish at least Part 1 by tomorrow at the beginning of class. Objectives for Class: Use the steps of transcription & translation to turn a DNA sequence into a protein Explore the effects of genetic mutations on proteins

Transcribe and Translate a Gene Computer Lab TranscriptionTranslation Objectives for Class: Use the steps of transcription and translation to turn a section of DNA into a protein. Procedure:  Log onto  Scroll down to the middle of the homepage and click on the link entitled “Are you ready to transcribe a DNA sequence and translate it into a protein?”  A DNA sequence should appear on the screen. Transcribe the DNA strand by entering the corresponding RNA bases for the original strand. The new mRNA strand will now appear on the screen.  Locate the “start” codon and click on it with your mouse. The mRNA sequence will now move to the top of the field and a flashing box will appear around the “start” codon.  Using the “Universal Genetic Code” to the right, find the amino acid that corresponds with the three-base mRNA codon. Click on the appropriate amino acid and drag it to the corresponding mRNA codon (signaled by the flashing box). Repeat until the mRNA sequence has been Translated.  Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part I as you complete the lab.  Answer the Review and Analysis questions for Part II after the computer portion of the lab is completed.

Bio 9A: Friday, Title: Genetic Mutations Day 1 – Types of Mutations  Homework:  Analysis Questions on Genetic Mutations Packet – due Monday  Quiz next TUESDAY!  Do Now: (in your notebook)  What is the definition of a mutation?  How was your description of a genetic mutation similar to what a mutation actually is?  Today’s Objective:  Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity: Part I Review  What is a Genetic Mutation?  A change in the base-pair sequence of DNA  The three types of point mutations:  substitution (switch one DNA nucleotide for another)  insertion (add an extra nucleotide into the DNA sequence)  deletion (leave out one nucleotide in the DNA sequence) Objectives for Class: Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Agenda for Class:  Finish Part II of the Genetic Mutations packet (by 2:45 pm)  If you finish early:  Answer the Analysis Questions (this is the HW for tonight)  Work on something for another class  Prepare for Tuesday’s quiz by… Answering all questions on the review sheet Completing the practice multiple choice questions Turning in either of these assignments, fully completed, will count for a small extra HW grade.  At 2:45 pm we will stop and have a class discussion about the Genetic Mutations packet! Objectives for Class: Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II  Part II Review:  Original DNA Sequence Objectives for Class: Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II  Substitution Mutations  Original DNA Sequence  Substitution  Substitution/ Silent Mutation Changes the Amino Acid Does not Change the Amino Acid Objectives for Class: Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Gene Mutations Activity Part II  Frame-Shift Mutations  Original DNA Sequence  Frame-Shift: Deletion of nucleotide  Frame-Shift: Insertion/ Addition of nucleotide Changes all Amino Acid after mutation Objectives for Class: Describe the major differences between substitution and frame-shift mutations

Bio 9A: Monday, Title: Genetic Mutations Day 2 – Sickle Cell Case Study  Homework:  Study for tomorrow’s QUIZ  Start typing the background info section of your Sickle Cell Lab Report (this section is due Thursday)  Do Now: 1. Based on the Mutation packet analysis questions, what is a FRAME-SHIFT mutation? Why is it called “frame-shift?” 2. What do you know about sickle cell anemia? Brainstorm anything you have heard, or could guess, about what this disease is.  Today’s Objective:  Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder  Read through the Introduction to the lab.  Watch 5 minute video on sickle cell disorder  PBS Evolution Library: A Mutation Story  In small groups brainstorm the Background Information needed for this lab  You should have 2 parts: 1. General genetics background info 2. Info related to sickle cell anemia  Come back together as a class to brainstorm final list Objectives for Class: Brainstorm and organize the background information necessary to successfully explain what sickle cell anemia is and how it is caused.

Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations Background Information Brainstorm Genetics Topics: Sickle Cell Topics:

Bio 9B: Tuesday, Title: Quiz – Transcription, Translation, and Mutations  Homework:  Type the Background Information section of your lab report for Thursday. (NOTE: completed lab reports are due Friday at the start of class. You will have time to work on it during Thursday’s class, but if you need more time/ don’t have access to a computer at home, please make arrangements now to complete the lab Thursday after school)  Do Now:  Clear your desks and get ready to take the quiz…  Today’s Objective:  Demonstrate your understanding of how the processes of transcription and translation create proteins from the genetic code on DNA

Bio 9B: Thursday, Title: Genetic Mutations Day 3 – Sickle Cell Case Study  Homework:  Complete the Procedure, Analysis and Conclusion sections of your lab report. Completed lab report with all sections is due tomorrow, Friday, at the start of class!!!!  Do Now:   Today’s Objective:  Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia  Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report

A Case Study of Sickle Cell Disorder  Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene by transcribing and translating them.  Compare the sickle cell gene to the normal gene  Complete the analysis and conclusion sections of the lab report. Objectives for Class: Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations First Half of Double Block

Individual Work Time…  Two Options: 1. Type Analysis and Conclusion sections of lab report and revise your other sections 2. Guided peer review of Background Information section Lab: Sickle Cell and Genetic Mutations Second Half of Double Block Objectives for Class: Analyze the DNA sequence for the sickle cell gene and the normal gene to determine how DNA is mutated to result in sickle cell anemia Complete the Sickle Cell Mutation Lab Report